Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Originalia

Die “ARES-Skalen” zur Erfassung der individuellen BIS- und BAS-Sensitivität

Published Online:September 01, 2006https://doi.org/10.1024/0170-1789.24.4.293

Abstract

Zusammenfassung: Das psychobiologische Modell von J.A. Gray nimmt zwei grundlegende Emotionssysteme als Basis zweier korrespondierender grundlegender Persönlichkeitsdimensionen an: Das Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) und das Behavioral Approach System (BAS). Zur Erfassung der Dimensionen BIS- und BAS-Sensitivität stellen die BIS/BAS-Skalen von Carver und White (1994) die bisher viel versprechendste Skalenkonstruktion dar, jedoch sind diese hinsichtlich der Skaleneigenschaften noch nicht völlig zufrieden stellend. Aufbauend auf dem Grayschen Modell und unter Rückgriff auf zentrale Überlegungen von Carver und White wurden deutsche Skalen zur Erfassung der Sensitivität der beiden Emotionssysteme (Action Regulating Emotion Systems; ARES) in einer Langfassung (58 Items) und einer Kurzfassung (20 Items) neu konstruiert. Die ARES-Skalen enthalten die Subskalen BIS I “Ängstlichkeit” und BIS II “Frustration” zur Erfassung der individuellen BIS- und die Subskalen BAS I “Antrieb” und BAS II “Freude” zur Erfassung der individuellen BAS-Sensitivität. Die Skalen weisen sehr zufrieden stellende psychometrische Eigenschaften und eine mit Grays Modell übereinstimmende faktorielle Struktur.


The “ARES-Scales” as Measurement of Individual BIS- and BAS-Sensitivity: Development of a Long and a Short Questionnaire Version

Summary: Gray's psychobiological model of personality proposes two fundamental emotion systems that underlie two basic dimensions of interindividual differences: The behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioural approach system (BAS). The BIS/BAS scales developed by Carver and White (1994) can be regarded as the most promising scale constructed to assess the personality dimensions BIS- and BAS-sensitivity. However, even these scales are not satisfying regarding their psychometric properties. Based on Gray's neurobiological model and central considerations of Carver and White (1994), new German scales to assess the sensitivity in both emotion systems (Action Regulating Emotion Systems, ARES) were developed in one long (58 items) and one short (20 items) version. The ARES-scales contain the subscales BIS I “anxiety” and BIS II “frustration” for the assessment of BIS- and the subscales BAS I “drive” and BAS II “gratification” for the assessment of BAS-sensitivity. The scales show very satisfying psychometric properties and a factorial structure consistent with Gray's model.

References

  • Ball, S.A. , Zuckerman, M. (1990). Sensation seeking, Eysenck's personality dimensions and reinforcement sensitivity in concept formation.. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 343– 353 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Beauducel, A. , Brocke, B. , Strobel, A. , Strobel, A. (1999). Construct validity of sensation seeking: A psychometric investigation.. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 20, 155– 171 . First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Carver, C.S. , Scheier, M .F. (1990a). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view.. Psychological Review, 97, 19– 35 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Carver, C.S. , Scheier, M.F. (1990b). Principles of self-regulation: Action and emotion.. In E.T. Higgins & R.M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol.2, pp.3-52). New York: Guilford. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Carver, C.S. , White, T.L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319– 333 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cloninger, C.R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573– 588 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cloninger, C.R. , Svrakic, D.M. , Przybeck, T.R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975– 990 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Derryberry, D. , Tucker, D.M. (1992). Neural mechanisms of emotion.. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 329– 338 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Eysenck, H.J. , Eysenck, M. (1985). Personality and individual differences. A natural science approach. . New York, London: Plenum. . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fowles, D.C. (1988). Psychophysiology and psychopathology: A motivational approach.. Psychophysiology, 25, 373– 391 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Franken, I.H.A. (2002). Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity predicts alcohol craving.. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 349– 355 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Goldberg, L.R. (1990). An alternative “description of personality”: The Big-Five factor structure.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216– 1229 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gomez, A. , Gomez, R. (2002). Personality traits of the behavioural approach and inhibition systems: associations with processing of emotional stimuli.. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1299– 1316 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gray, J.A. (1970). The physiological basis of introversion-extraversion.. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8, 249– 266 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gray, J.A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck's theory of personality.. In H.J. Eysenck (Ed.), A model for personality (pp.246-276). Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gray, J. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gray, J.A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gray, J.A. (1991). Neural systems, emotion and personality.. In J. Madden (Ed.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect (pp.273-306). New York: Raven. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hartig, J. , Moosbrugger, H. (2000). ARES - Action Regulating Emotion Systems. Skalen zur Erfassung der Sensitivität Handlungsregulierender Emotionssysteme. . Frankfurt am Main: Arbeiten aus dem Institut der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Heft 2000/10. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hartig, J. , Moosbrugger, H. (2001). Exploring the relations of Eysenck's and Gray's personality dimensions in a German sample. . Poster presented at the Tenth Biennial Meeting of ISSID, Edinburgh, July 7-11, 2001. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hartig, J. , Patron, J. , Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Examining the common factor structure underlying different scales designed to assess Gray's personality dimensions. . Paper presented at the 11th Biennial Meeting of ISSID, Graz, July 7-11, 2001. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Heubeck, B.G. , Wilkinson, R.B. , Cologon, J. (1998). A second look at Carver and White's (1994) BIS/BAS scales.. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 785– 800 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Horn, J.L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis.. Psychometrika, 30, 179– 185 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jorm, A.F. , Christensen, H. , Henderson, A.S. , Jacomb, P.A. , Korten, A.E. , Rodgers, B. (1999). Using the BIS/BAS scales to measure behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation: Factor structure, validity and norms in a large community sample.. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 49– 58 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • MacAndrew, C. , Steele, T. (1991). Gray's behavioral inhibition system: A psychometric evaluation.. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 157– 171 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McCrae, R.R. , Costa, P.T. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor Model of personality across instruments ans observers.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81– 90 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McCrae, R.R. , Costa, P.T. (1991). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The full five-factor model and well-being.. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 227– 232 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pickering, A.D. , Corr, P.J. , Powell, J.H. , Kumari, V. , Thornton, J.C. , Gray, J.A. (1997). Individual differences in reactions to reinforcing stimuli are neither black nor white: To what extent are they Gray?. In H. Nyborg (Ed.), The scientific study of human nature: tribute to Hans J. Eysenck at 80 (pp.36-67). Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schmitt, M.J. , Steyer, R. (1993). A latent state trait-model (not only) for social desirability.. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 519– 529 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Strobel, A. , Beauducel, A. , Debener, S. , Brocke, B. (2001). Psychometrische und strukturelle Merkmale einer deutschsprachigen Version des BIS/BAS-Fragebogens von Carver und White.. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 22, 216– 227 . First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Sutton, S.K. , Davidson, R.J. (1997). Prefrontal brain asymmetry: A biological substrate of the behavioral approach and inhibition systems.. Psychological Science, 8, 204– 210 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Torrubia, R. , Ávila, C. , Moltó, J. , Caseras, X. (2001). The sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray's anxiety and impulsivity dimensions.. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 837– 862 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Volpert, W. (1987). Psychische Regulation von Arbeitstätigkeiten.. In U. Kleinbeck & J. Rutenfranz (Hrsg.), Arbeitspsychologie. Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, Themenbereich D, Serie III, Band 1 (S.1-42). Göttingen: Hogrefe. . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wilson, G.D. , Barrett, P.T. , Gray, J.A. (1989). Human reactions to reward and punishment: A questionnaire examination of Gray's personality theory.. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 509– 515 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wilson, G.D. , Gray, J.A. , Barrett, P.T. (1990). A factor analysis of the Gray-Wilson personality questionnaire.. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1037– 1045 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar