Adoleszente Mutterschaft
Entwicklungsrisiken für die Mutter-Kind-Dyade
Abstract
Jugendliche Mütter und ihre Kinder sind multiplen psychosozialen Risikofaktoren ausgesetzt und stellen eine Hochrisikogruppe für ungünstige Entwicklungsverläufe dar. Psychosoziale Risiken wie Armut, Gewalterfahrungen, dysfunktionale familiäre Beziehungen oder eine psychiatrische Erkrankung, die die Entstehung einer Schwangerschaft im Teenageralter begünstigen, und die erheblichen Belastungen, die eine Elternschaft während der eigenen Entwicklungssituation in der Adoleszenz mit sich bringt, tragen eher zu den Entwicklungsrisiken der Kinder adoleszenter Mütter bei als das Alter der Mutter allein. Konsequenzen früher Mutterschaft können niedrigere Bildung und materielle Unsicherheit sein. Ebenso liegt ein erhöhtes Risiko für Psychopathologie sowohl bei den adoleszenten Müttern als auch bei den Kindern vor. Dieser Artikel soll einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand geben. Es werden Risikofaktoren für frühe Mutterschaft erörtert und diese in Zusammenhang mit dem Erziehungsverhalten adoleszenter Mütter und den Entwicklungsverläufen ihrer Kinder gesetzt. Im Anschluss werden einige Interventionsprogramme für adoleszente Mütter und ihre Kinder vorgestellt. Weitere Forschung ist nötig, um altersangemessene Unterstützungsangebote für jugendliche Mütter und ihre Kinder zu entwickeln, die der Komplexität der Risiken gerecht werden und die Entwicklungsverläufe positiv beeinflussen.
Adolescent mothers and their children are exposed to multiple psychosocial risk factors and represent a high-risk group for adverse developmental outcomes. It is not the mother’s young age alone which contributes to the developmental risk of the mother-child dyad. Rather, both the combination of risks, such as poverty, domestic violence, dysfunctional family relationships, or a psychiatric disorder, all of which predispose to adolescent pregnancy, as well as the strains of parenthood during the mother’s own developmental stage add to the psychosocial risks of children of teenage mothers. Early motherhood can lead to lower levels of education and a lower socioeconomic status. In addition, there is a higher risk for psychopathology in both the teenage mother and her child. This article provides an overview of the current research findings regarding adolescent parenting and its associated risks. Risk factors leading to early motherhood are reviewed and associated with differences in parenting behaviors and the developmental outcomes of their children. This article will conclude with a short overview on intervention programs for adolescent mothers and their children. Further research is needed to develop age-appropriate support programs for adolescent mothers and their children to cope with the complexity of risks and improve their developmental trajectories.
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