Repeated Cross-Sectional Randomized Response Data
Taking Design Change and Self-Protective Responses into Account
Abstract
Randomized response (RR) is an interview technique that can be used to protect the privacy of respondents if sensitive questions are posed. This paper explains how to measure change in time if a binary RR question is posed at several time points. In cross-sectional research settings, new insights often gradually emerge. In our setting, a switch to another RR procedure necessitates the development of a trend model that estimates the effect of the covariate time if the dependent variable is measured by different RR designs. We also demonstrate that it is possible to deal with self-protective responses, thus accommodating our trend model with the latest developments in RR data analysis.
References
2002). Categorical data analysis. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
(2007). Item randomized-response models for measuring noncompliance: Risk-return perceptions, social influences, and self-protective responses. Psychometrika, 72, 245–262.
(1971). Assuring confidentiality of responses in social research: a note on strategies. The American Sociologist, 6, 308–311.
(1988). Randomized response: Theory and techniques. New York: Marcel Dekker.
(1989). A review of methods for misclassified categorical data in epidemiology. Statistics in Medicine, 8, 1095–1106.
(1998). Honest answers to embarrassing questions: Detecting cheating in the randomized response model. Psychological Methods, 3, 160–168.
(1977). Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. American Journal of Epidemiology, 105, 488–495.
(2007). Log-linear randomized-response models taking self-protective response behavior into account. Sociological Methods & Research, 36, 266–282.
(1982). Validity of forced response in a randomized response model. Sociologial Methods and Research, 11, 89–110.
(1986). An introduction to the bootstrap. London: Chapman and Hall.
(1986). Randomized response. A method for sensitive surveys (No. 58). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
(1980). The effect of misclassification in the presence of covariates. American Journal of Epidemiology, 112, 564–569.
(1988). Variance estimation for epidemiologic effect estimates under misclassification. Statistics in Medicine, 7, 745–757.
(1979). Analysis of qualitative data: New developments Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.
(1990). Categorical longitudinal data. Loglinear analysis of panel, trend and cohort data. Newbury Park: Sage.
(1993). Loglinear models with latent variables. Newbury Park: Sage.
(1997). PRAM: A method for disclosure limitation of microdata. Voorburg/Heerlen: Statistics Netherlands (Research paper No. 9705).
(1997). Categorical data analysis and misclassification. In , Survey measurement and process quality. New York: Wiley.
(1990). Asking sensitive questions indirectly. Biometrika, 77, 436–438.
(2005). Meta-analysis of randomized response research: Thirty-five years of validation. Sociological Methods and Research, 33, 319–348.
(2006). A validation of a computer-assisted randomized response survey to estimate the prevalence of fraud in social security. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 169, 305–318.
(1983). Limited dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(1997). Logistic regression when the outcome is measured with uncertainty. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 195–203.
(1976). On the choice of a randomization technique with the randomized response model. In Proceedings of the social statistics section of the American statistical association (pp. 624–626). Washington, DC: American Statistical Association.
(2007). Multilevel and latent variable modeling with composite links and exploded likelihoods. Psychometrika, 72(2), 123–140.
(1988). Covariate randomized response models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 969–974.
(1982). Respondents’ perceived protection when using randomized response. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 487–489.
(2002). Randomized response, statistical disclosure control and misclassification: A review. International Statistical Review, 70, 269–288.
(2004). The analysis of multivariate misclassified data with special attention to randomized response. Sociological Methods and Research, 32, 384–410.
(2000). A comparison of randomized response, computer-assisted self-interview, and face-to-face direct questioning. Eliciting sensitive information in the context of welfare and unemployment benefit. Sociological Methods and Research, 28, 505–537.
(2005). Mixed-effects logistic regression models for indirectly observed outcome variables. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 281–301.
(2003). Latent class models for classification. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 41, 531–537.
(1999). Meta-analysis of diagnostic tests with imperfect reference standards. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 10, 943–951.
(1965). Randomized response: A survey technique for eliminating answer bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 60, 63–69.
(