1887

Abstract

A new group of serotype F bacteriophages of has been found which mediates the simultaneous triple-lysogenic conversion of enterotoxin A, staphylokinase and -lysin. The phages were recovered from methicillin-resistant strains of isolated in Irish hospitals between 1971 and 1988 and from strain PS42-D, which has been used as the propagating strain for the typing phage 42D since before 1965. The molecular mechanism of triple conversion mediated by three of these phages was determined by molecular cloning, restriction endonuclease site mapping and hybridization analysis, and compared with the mechanism of -lysin and staphylokinase conversion mediated by the serotype F, double-converting phage 𝜙 13. The genetic determinants mediating expression of enterotoxin A () and staphylokinase () were cloned from the DNA of the triple-converting phage and expression of the cloned determinants detected in and . The and determinants were closely linked in the phage DNA adjacent to the phage attachment site () in each case and furthermore, the determinant of phage 𝜙 13 was also located near its . The restriction maps of the -, - and -containing DNA regions of the three triple-converting phages were very similar to each other and to the corresponding - and -containing DNA region of phage 𝜙 13. Hybridization analysis using a cloned -lysin determinant () and cloned -containing DNA fragments as probes demonstrated that -lysin conversion mediated by the triple-converting phages and phage 𝜙 13 was caused by insertional inactivation of the chromosomally encoded determinant by orientation-specific integration of phage DNA following lysogenization.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-135-6-1679
1989-06-01
2024-04-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/135/6/mic-135-6-1679.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-135-6-1679&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Appleyard R.K. 1954; Segregation of new lysogenic types during growth of a doubly lysogenic strain derived from Escherichia coli K12. Genetics 39:440–452
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson M.L.M., Young B.D. 1985; Quantitative filter hybridisation. In Nucleic Acid Hybridisation: a Practical Approach pp. 73–111 Hames B.D., Higgins S.J. Edited by Oxford: IRL Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Betley M.J., Mekalanos J.J. 1985; Staphylococcal enterotoxin A is encoded bv phage. Science 229:185–187
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Betley M.J., Mekalanos J.J. 1988; Nucleotide sequence of the type A staphylococcal enterotoxin gene. Journal of Bacteriology 170:34–41
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Blair J.E., Williams R.E. 1961; Phage typing of staphylococci. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 24:771–784
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bolivar F., Rodriguez R.L., Greene P.J., Betlach M.C., Heynecker H.L., Boyer H.W., Crosa J.H., Falkow S. 1977; Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system. Gene 2:95–113
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Boyer H.W., Roulland-Dussoix D. 1969; A complementation analysis of the restriction and modification of DNA in Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Biology 41:459–472
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Burnette W.N. 1981; ‘Western blotting’: electrophoretic transfer of protein from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated Protein A. Analytical Biochemistry 112:195–203
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Casman E.P. 1965; Staphylococcal enterotoxin. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 128:124–131
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Chang A.C., Cohen S.N. 1978; Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid. Journal of Bacteriology 134:1141–1156
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Clewell D.B., Helinski D.R. 1970; Properties of a deoxyribonucleic acid-protein relaxation complex and strand specificity of the relaxation event. Biochemistry 9:4428–4440
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Cohen S.N., Chang A.C., Hsu L. 1973; Nonchromosomal antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Genetic transformation of Escherichia coli by R factor DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 69:2110–2115
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Coleman D.C., Foster T.J. 1981; Analysis of the reduction in expression of tetracycline resistance by transposon Tn 10 in the multicopy state. Molecular and General Genetics 182:171–177
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Coleman D.C., Pomeroy H., Estridge J.K., Keane C.T., Cafferkey M., Hone R., Foster T.J. 1985; Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and analysis of plasmids in gentamicin- and methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Dublin hospitals. Journal of Medical Microbiology 20:157–167
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Coleman D.C., Arbuthnott J.P., Pomeroy H.M., Birkbeck T.H. 1986; Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of the beta-lysin determinant from Staphylococcus aureus: evidence that bacteriophage conversion of beta-lysin activity is caused by insertional inactivation of the beta-lysin determinant. Microbial Pathogenesis 1:549–564
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Davis R.W., Botstein D., Roth J.R. 1980 Advanced Bacterial Genetics: a Manual for Genetic Engineering pp. 106–107 Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.;
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Devriese L.A., Van de kerckhove A. 1980; A comparison of methods used for testing staphylo- kinase (fibrinolysin) production in staphylococcus strains. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 46:457–465
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Dougan G., Kehoe M. 1984; The minicell system as a method for studying expression from plasmid DNA. Methods in Microbiology 17:233–258
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Dowd D., Cafferkey M., Dougan G. 1983; Gentamicin and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dublin hospitals: molecular studies. Journal of Medical Microbiology 16:129–138
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Duval-Iflah Y. 1972; Lysogenic conversion of the lipase gene in Staphylococcus pyogenes group IIII strains. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 18:1491–1497
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Duval-Iflah Y., Van Heijnoort J., Rousseau M., Raibaud P. 1977; Lysogenic conversion for multiple characters in a strain of Staphylococus aureus. Journal of Bacteriology 130:1281–1291
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Helfman D.M., Feramisco J.R., Fiddes J.C., Thomas G.P., Hughes H. 1983; Identification of clones that encode chicken tropomyosin by direct immunological screening of a cDNA expression library. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80:31–35
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Horinouchi S., Weisblum B. 1982; Nucleotide sequence and functional map of pE194, a plasmid that specifies inducible resistance to macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin type B antibiotics. Journal of Bacteriology 150:804–814
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Humphreys H., Keane C.T., Hone R., Pomeroy H., Russell R.J., Arbuthnott J.P., Coleman D.C. 1989; Enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cases of septicaemia and from healthy carriers. Journal of Medical Microbiology 28:163–172
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Inglis B., Waldron H., Stewart P.R. 1987; Molecular relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus typing phages measured by DNA hybridisation and by high resolution thermal denaturation analysis. Archives of Virology 93:69–80
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Johnson L.P., Tomai M.A., Schlievert P.M. 1986; Bacteriophage involvement in group A streptococcal exotoxin A production. Journal of Bacteriology 166:623–627
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Kondo I., Fujise K. 1977; Serotype B staphylococcal bacteriophage singly converting staphylokinase. Infection and Immunity 18:266–272
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kondo I., Ito S., Yoshizawa Y. 1981; Staphylococcal phages mediating the lysogenic conversion of staphylokinase. In Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections pp. 357–361 Jeljaszewicz J. Edited by Stuttgart: Gustav Fisher;
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Kreiswirth B.N., Lofdahl S., Betley M.J., O’reilly M., Schlievert P.M., Bergdoll M.S., Novick R.P. 1983; The toxic shock syndrome exotoxin structural gene is not detectably transmitted by a prophage. Nature; London: 305709–712
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Laird W., Groman N. 1976; Orientation of the tox gene in the prophage of corynebacteriophage beta. Journal of Virology 19:228–231
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Lee C.Y., Iandolo J.J. 1985; Mechanism of bacteriophage conversion of lipase activity in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Bacteriology 164:288–293
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Lee C.Y., Iandolo J.J. 1986a; Lysogenic conversion of staphylococcal lipase is caused by insertion of the bacteriophage L54a genome into the lipase structural gene. Journal of Bacteriology 166:385–391
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lee C.Y., Iandolo J.J. 1986b; Integration of staphylococcal phage L54a occurs by site-specific recombination : structural analysis of the attachment sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 83:5474–5478
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Lee C.Y., Iandolo J.J. 1988; Structural analysis of staphylococcal bacteriophage 𝜙11 attachment sites. Journal of Bacteriology 170:2409–2411
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lennox E.S. 1955; Transduction of linked genetic characters of the host by bacteriophage PI. Virology 1:190–206
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Maniatis T., Fritsch E.F., Sambrook J. 1982 Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.;
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Mulvey M., Arbuthnott J.P., Coleman D.C. 1986; Molecular typing of methicillin and gentamicin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dublin. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology 5:719–725
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Parker M.T. 1983; The significance of phagetyping patterns in Staphylococcus aureus. In Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections 1 pp. Easmon C. S.F., Adlam C. Edited by London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Rigby P.W., Dieckmann M., Rhodes C., Berg P. 1977; Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. Journal of Molecular Biology 113:237–251
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Rosendal K., Bulow P. 1965; Temperate phages influencing lipase production by Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of General Microbiology 41:349–356
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Rountree P.M. 1949; The serological differentiation of staphylococcal bacteriophages. Journal of General Microbiology 3:164–173
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Rountree P.M. 1959; Changes in the phage-typing patterns of staphylococci following lysogenization. Journal of General Microbiology 20:620–633
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Russell R.R.B., Coleman D., Dougan G. 1985; Expression of a gene for glucan-binding protein from Streptococcus mutans in Escherichia coli. Journal of General Microbiology 131:295–299
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Sako T., Tsuchida N. 1983; Nucleotide sequence of the staphylokinase gene from Staphylococcus aureus. Nucleic Acids Research 11:7679–7693
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Sako T., Sawaki S., Sakurai T., Ito S., Yoshizawa Y., Kondo I. 1983; Cloning and expression of the staphylokinase gene of Staphylococcus aureus in Escherichia coli. Molecular and General Genetics 90:271–277
    [Google Scholar]
  46. De Saxe M.J., Notley C.M. 1978; Experiences with the typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, I Abteilung, Originate A 241:46–59
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Southern E.M. 1975; Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. Journal of Molecular Biology 98:503–517
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Stobberingh E.E., Winkler K.C. 1977; Restriction-deficient mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of General Microbiology 99:359–367
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Swanstrom M., Adams M.H. 1951; Agar layer method for production of high titre phage stocks. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 78:372–375
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Twigg A.J., Sherratt D. 1980; Trans-comple- mentable copy-number mutants of plasmid ColEl. Nature; London: 283216–218
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Vickery A.M., Beard-Pegler M.A., Stubbs E. 1986; Phage-typing patterns and lysogenicity of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus from Sydney, Australia,1965-85. Journal of Medical Microbiology 22:209–216
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Winkler K.C., De waart J., Grootsen C., Zegers B.J., Tellier N.F., Vertregt C.D. 1965; Lysogenic conversion of staphylococci to loss of β-toxin. Journal of General Microbiology 39:321–333
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-135-6-1679
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-135-6-1679
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error