Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves

  1. Robert K. Wayne2
  1. 1Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China;
  2. 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, USA;
  3. 3CIBIO-UP, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal;
  4. 4Efi Arazi School of Computer Science, the Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya 46150, Israel;
  5. 5Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA;
  6. 6Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
  7. 7ICREA at Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
  8. 8ISPRA, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Italy;
  9. 9Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, USA;
  10. 10Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China, 610081;
  11. 11Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA;
  12. 12Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  1. Corresponding authors: rwayne{at}ucla.edu, bsyue{at}scu.edu.cn
  1. 13 These authors contributed equally to this work.

  • 14 Present address: Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA

Abstract

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a widely distributed top predator and ancestor of the domestic dog. To address questions about wolf relationships to each other and dogs, we assembled and analyzed a data set of 34 canine genomes. The divergence between New and Old World wolves is the earliest branching event and is followed by the divergence of Old World wolves and dogs, confirming that the dog was domesticated in the Old World. However, no single wolf population is more closely related to dogs, supporting the hypothesis that dogs were derived from an extinct wolf population. All extant wolves have a surprisingly recent common ancestry and experienced a dramatic population decline beginning at least ∼30 thousand years ago (kya). We suggest this crisis was related to the colonization of Eurasia by modern human hunter–gatherers, who competed with wolves for limited prey but also domesticated them, leading to a compensatory population expansion of dogs. We found extensive admixture between dogs and wolves, with up to 25% of Eurasian wolf genomes showing signs of dog ancestry. Dogs have influenced the recent history of wolves through admixture and vice versa, potentially enhancing adaptation. Simple scenarios of dog domestication are confounded by admixture, and studies that do not take admixture into account with specific demographic models are problematic.

Footnotes

  • Received July 29, 2015.
  • Accepted December 15, 2015.

This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see http://genome.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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