Abstract
The Drosophila systemic immune response against many Gram-positive bacteria and fungi is mediated by the Toll pathway. How Toll-regulated effectors actually fulfill this role remains poorly understood as the known antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes it controls are essentially active only against filamentous fungi and not against Gram-positive bacteria or yeasts. BaramicinA gene expression is transcriptionally regulated by the Toll pathway. BaraA encodes a polyprotein precursor that releases processed proteins into the hemolymph upon immune challenge. Here, we demonstrate that BaraA is required specifically in the host defense against Enterococcus faecalis and against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii. It does so by protecting the fly from the action of distinct toxins secreted by Gram-positive and fungal pathogens but not by directly attacking them. Thus, in complement to the current paradigm, innate immunity can cope with toxins, effectively, through the secretion of peptides that are not AMPs, independently of xenobiotics detoxification pathways.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Updated version with novel data suggesting function(s) for BaraA-derived peptides in protection of the fly from the effects of bacterial and fungal toxins.