For primordial black holes (PBHs) to form a considerable fraction of cold dark matter, the required amplitude of primordial scalar perturbations is quite large ($P_{\zeta }(k)\sim {10}^{-2}$) if PBH is formed in radiation epoch. In alternate cosmological histories, where additional epoch of arbitrary equation of state precede radiation epoch, the dynamics of PBH formation and relevant mass ranges can be different leading to lower requirement of primordial power at smaller scales of inflation. Moreover, this alternate history can modify the predictions for the gravitational wave (GW) spectrum, which can be probed by upcoming GW observations. In this paper we show that an early kination epoch can lead to percent level abundance of PBH for a lower amplitude of $P_{\zeta }(k)$ as compared to PBH formation in a standard radiation epoch. Moreover, we calculate the effect of early kination epoch on the GW spectrum for first and second orders in perturbation theory which show enhancement in the amplitude of the GW spectrum in a kination epoch with respect to that in a standard radiation epoch.

• Received 30 January 2020
• Accepted 6 August 2020
• Corrected 14 May 2021

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.043522