Abstract
Objectives. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the dental changes, periodontal health, and tooth vitality in mini-screw-supported en-masse retraction with two corticotomy-based acceleration techniques. Study Design. The sample included 38 adult patients presenting with class II division 1 malocclusion (three males, 35 females; age range between 18 and 30 years), needing the extraction of upper first premolars followed by en-masse retraction. The sample was divided randomly and equally into two groups. Randomization was carried out by random numbers generated by the computer with a 1 : 1 allocation ratio. The allocation concealment was carried out by sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. The interventions were traditional corticotomy (TC) versus flapless corticotomy (FC). Mini-screws were inserted between the upper second premolar and first molar, bilaterally. The primary outcome was evaluating dental changes. Secondary outcomes were the periodontal health and pulp vitality of the maxillary teeth. Mann–Whitney U test and two-sample t-test with Bonferroni correction were used to analyze the data. Results. The en-masse retraction rate in the first three months was higher in the TC group than the FC group (1.82, 1.66, and 1.39 mm/month vs 1.60, 1.42, and 1.22 mm/month, respectively) with statistically significant differences (, , , respectively). The en-masse retraction amount was greater in the TC group than the FC group (6.84 mm vs 6.18 mm, respectively) with statistically significant differences (). There was an increase in the inter-canine and inter-molar widths with a minor distal movement of the upper first molar in the two groups, with no significant differences between them (). The values of gingival, papillary bleeding and plaque indices in the TC group were significantly greater than those in the FC group after performing the corticotomy (, , , respectively). No gingival recession was found on any of the examined teeth in both groups. All teeth maintained their vitality at all measurement times in both groups. No severe harms were noticed in any group. Conclusions. Both traditional and flapless corticotomy techniques resulted in clinically similar rates of the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth, with similar dental changes and no significant periodontal complications or tooth vitality loss. The minimally invasive flapless corticotomy appeared to be a good alternative to the more invasive traditional corticotomy. This trial is registered with https://www.clinicaltrials.gov (Identification code: NCT04847492), retrospectively registered.
1. Introduction
The upper dental protrusion is one of the most widespread conditions in practice [1]. Management of class division 1 malocclusion is an issue of importance, as this malocclusion has a negative impact on the aesthetic and functional aspects [2]. Camouflage therapy of class division 1 relies on the premolar extraction followed by the retraction of the upper anterior teeth [3]. Numerous articles have demonstrated that the en-masse retraction method is more beneficial than the two-step retraction method due to several advantages, chiefly reducing the treatment duration [4]. The most widely used technique for en-masse retraction is the sliding technique, which is often supported by mini-screws to obtain absolute anchorage [5].
One of the considerable challenges in the profession is prolonged orthodontic treatment duration [6]. For that, many methods have been suggested to minimize orthodontic treatment time as the surgical interventions [7]. Even though the traditional corticotomy with flap elevation substantiated to be efficient in accelerating several species of tooth movement [8], it has been considered invasive [9]. So, minimally invasive surgical procedures have been suggested and labelled “flapless corticotomies” [10]. A recent randomized clinical trial by Khlef et al. [11] found that the average en-masse retraction time for the traditional corticotomy group was 3.75 months, versus 4.04 months for the flapless corticotomy group, with no significant difference between both corticotomy techniques. As a result, they concluded that both traditional and flapless corticotomies carried out by piezosurgery effectively accelerated the en-masse retraction of the upper anterior teeth. On the other hand, their trial did not provide information about the en-masse retraction rate per month, the anteroposterior and horizontal movement of canines and first molars during the retraction, and the effect of corticotomy procedure on the periodontal tissues as well as tooth vitality.
One of the frequent complications during fixed orthodontic treatment is the periodontal problems since the fixed orthodontic device allows the accumulation of bacterial plaque around its elements [12]. Bacterial plaque is the primary factor in the initiation, progression, and even re-emergence of periodontal problems [13]. Aboul-Ela et al. [14] study showed a rise in the grade of gingivitis following the traditional corticotomy due to the gingival reaction in conjunction with the bone healing process. On the other hand, Abed and Al-bustani [15] study found no bleeding on probing after the traditional corticotomy, which indicated the absence of gingivitis. Regarding the flapless corticotomy, Cassetta et al. [16] found an improvement in the gingival index following the surgical procedure. In contrast, Charavet et al. [17] and Aksakalli et al. [18] studies found a regression in the assessed periodontal indices after the corticotomy, with no significant differences between before and after the surgical procedure. Three case reports [19–21] and two canine retraction studies [15, 22] evaluated the vitality of the teeth adjacent to the corticotomy, and they found no loss of tooth vitality, taking into account that all these articles except one [15] did not mention the employed method for tooth vitality evaluation.
Reviewing the literature reveals that there is no randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth in conjunction with traditional or flapless corticotomy regarding dentoalveolar changes, periodontal health, and pulp vitality of maxillary teeth.
So, the purposes of this study were to compare the traditional and flapless corticotomies in terms of (1) speed of retraction, (2) the dentoalveolar changes of the maxillary dental arch, (3) the periodontal health, and (4) the pulp vitality of maxillary teeth. The null hypotheses stated that there were no differences between the two corticotomy techniques in (1) the speed of en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth, (2) the dentoalveolar changes of the maxillary dental arch, (3) the periodontal health, and (4) the pulp vitality of maxillary teeth.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Trial Design, Registration, and Any Changes following Trial Commencement
The report of this study was written according to CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statements. It was a single-centre, two-arm parallel group randomized controlled trial. This study was listed in the database of https://clinicaltrials.gov (Identification code: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04847492), and it was funded by the Damascus University Postgraduate Research Budget (Grant number 92365814682DEN). This trial was performed conforming to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Local Ethics Committee at Damascus University Dental School, Syria (Ref no: UDDS-527-09062017/SRC-3502). No changes were made in the study protocol following trial commencement.
2.2. Participants, Eligibility Criteria, and Settings
Thirty-eight adult patients (three male, 35 female) were selected from the Department of Orthodontics, xxxxxxxx University Dental School, xxxxx, from June 2017 to January 2018. A flowchart of patients’ allocation and follow-up is shown in Figure 1.
The participants were distributed randomly and equally into two groups: flapless corticotomy group (FCG = 19) and traditional corticotomy group (TCG = 19). The criteria for including patients were as follows: (1) class II division 1 malocclusion needing the extraction of upper first premolars, (2) age range between 18 and 30 years, (3) skeletally, mild to moderate class II malocclusion, (4) excessive or average anterior facial height, (5) no or slight crowding (tooth-size arch-length discrepancy ≤3 mm), (6) full-permanent dentition (with the exclusion of third molars), (7) overjet >5 mm and <10 mm, (8) shallow or normal overbite (30% or less), (9) no history of any orthodontic treatment, (10) no any disease or medicine intaking that may impact the bone and/or tooth movement, and (11) healthy periodontal tissues and good level of oral hygiene.
The candidate participants were particularly informed about the trial interventions and were asked if they intended to take part in the trial. An information sheet was distributed to all participants, and they were asked to sign an informed consent prior to trial recruitment. No changes in the techniques were carried out after starting the trial commencement.
2.3. Interventions
2.3.1. Levelling and Alignment Phase
The first premolars extraction was performed at the onset of the orthodontic treatment for all patients. 0.022 × 0.028-inch brackets (Votion, Ortho Technology, Tampa, Fla) were used to treat the patients. Self-drilling titanium mini-screws (1.6 mm in diameter, 8 mm in length; 3S screw, Hubit™, Seoul, Korea) were inserted 8–10 mm above the archwires between the upper second premolar and first molar bilaterally, and these teeth were attached to the mini-screw with a ligature wire. Patients were given instructions for oral hygiene by brushing their teeth according to the modified Bass technique [23]. Patients were recommended to use a manual medium toothbrush with toothpaste containing fluoride three times a day. Also, they were instructed to use interdental brushes and mouthwashes twice a day. The sequence of archwire replacement was as follows: 0.014-inch nickel-titanium (NiTi), 0.016-inch NiTi, 0.016 × 0.022-inch NiTi, 0.017 × 0.025-inch NiTi, 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch Stainless Steel (SS) [4]. The archwires were changed every three weeks during this phase.
2.3.2. The Flapless Corticotomy Procedure
In the FGC, vertical soft tissue cuts were performed on the palatal and buccal gingiva. One cut was performed between the six maxillary anterior teeth roots, and two cuts were performed between the upper canines and second premolars. The cuts were 5 mm long and started 4 mm above the interdental papilla. Then, a piezoelectric knife was used to make incisions in the cortical alveolar with 3 mm in depth and 8 mm in length. No surgical suturing was needed (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)).
(a)
(b)
2.3.3. The Traditional Corticotomy Procedure
In the TCG group, a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap was lifted from the palatal and buccal sides. Then, the piezoelectric knife was used to perform one vertical incision between the upper anterior teeth roots and two vertical incisions at the extraction site. A horizontal incision connected the vertical ones. The vertical incisions were 3 mm in depth, started 2 to 3 mm apical to the alveolar crest, and extended 3 mm over the root apices (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). Finally, the interrupted technique of suturing was carried out (Figure 3(c)).
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.3.4. Postcorticotomy Phase
Following the surgery, all patients were asked to (1) take antibiotic tablets (Augmentin 1000 mg), one tablet twice a day for one week, (2) put ice packs on, for 6 to 8 hours following surgery, (3) keep a high level of oral hygiene, (4) eat soft food for some days following surgery, (5) stop smoking for the first week after surgery, and (6) take acetaminophen 500 mg when required to relieve pain.
2.3.5. The En-Masse Retraction Phase
The retraction was initiated four days following the corticotomy procedure using 0.019 × 0.025-inch SS archwires with 8 to 10 mm soldered hooks located distal to the lateral incisors. NiTi closed coil springs (American Orthodontics, Wisconsin, USA) with 9 mm length were extended from the soldered hooks to the mini-screws, and 250 g of force for each side was applied. The patients’ follow-up sessions were every two weeks during the en-masse retraction phase [24]. The force was measured on every appointment and adjusted if needed. The endpoint of the monitoring time was when obtaining a class I canine’s relationship and a correct incisor’s relationship.
2.4. Primary and Secondary Outcomes and Any Changes following Trial Commencement
The primary outcomes were the en-masse retraction rate of upper anterior teeth, the molar’s anteroposterior movement, and inter-molar and inter-canine widths in flapless and traditional corticotomy techniques. In contrast, the secondary outcomes were the gingival index, dental plaque index, papillary bleeding index, gingival recession index, and maxillary dental arch pulp vitality.
The archwires were removed before taking the alginate impression, followed by applying a ligature elastic around the brackets to ensure having accurate and nondistorting impressions. The impressions were taken at the end of the levelling and alignment stage and prior to starting the en-masse retraction (T0), one month (T1), two months (T2), three months (T3), four months (T4), and five months (T5) after the start of en-masse retraction. The final impression was taken at the termination of en-masse retraction (when obtaining a class I canine’s relationship and a correct incisor’s relationship) [4].
Maxillary casts were photographed digitally using a Canon EOS 5D Mark III, Lens type, with the dimensions Macro Medium Telephoto Canon EF, 100 mm, f/2.8 L Macro IS USM (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). The photography was accomplished by focal projection perpendicular to the occlusal plane. A metal millimetre ruler was put next to the study cast for calibration. The measurements were taken from the digital photographs using the ImageJ program as the way stated by Al-Imam et al. [25]. The landmarks are shown in Figure 4, and the measured variables are shown in Figure 5.
The periodontal health was evaluated by measuring the following parameters: dental plaque and gingival indices according to Silness and Loe [26, 27], papillary bleeding index according to Muhlemann [28], and gingival recession index according to Miller [29]. The cold test was applied to examine the vitality of the upper teeth from the right first molar to the left first molar using ethyl chloride spray (endo ice) at a temperature of −50°. A small amount of ethyl chloride was applied to a small cotton ball at the cervical third of the crown. The cotton ball was kept in contact with the tooth until the patient’s pain response occurred, considering that the endo ice application should not exceed 5 seconds. The periodontal indices and tooth vitality were assessed within the following times: before the commencement of orthodontic treatment (T0), after the fulfilment of the levelling and alignment stage and before the surgical intervention (T1), and following the completion of the en-masse retraction (T2). No outcome changes following trial commencement.
2.5. Sample Size Calculation
The sample size calculation was made by using Minitab® (version 17, State College, Pennsylvania, USA), presuming that a 0.25 mm is the least significant difference to be detected between the two corticotomy methods in the en-masse retraction rate of maxillary anterior teeth, with taking into account that the standard deviation of this variable was 0.2225 (based on Sakthi et al. [30] study). When paired t-tests were employed with a 5% alfa level and 80% power, at least 18 participants per group were desired. To compensate for any possible participants’ loss (not more than 5%), 19 participants were needed per group.
2.6. Randomization, Allocation Concealment, and Implementation
Simple randomization was carried out by an academic colleague using random numbers generated by the computer with a 1 : 1 allocation ratio. The allocation sequence was hidden using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. These envelopes were opened following the levelling and alignment stage.
2.7. Blinding
Blinding was impossible for both patients and investigators carrying out the clinical procedures (xxxx), while blinding was performed only for the assessor of outcomes (xxxx).
2.8. Statistical Analysis
Two statistical programs were used for data analysis: the SPSS® program (version 21; IBM®, Armonk, NY, USA) and Minitab® (version 17, State College, Pennsylvania, USA). Anderson–Darling normality tests were applied to check the normality of distributions. The Mann–Whitney U test and two-sample t-test with Bonferroni correction were utilized.
2.9. The Error of the Method and Assessment of Reliability
After a four-week interval, twenty dental casts were randomly chosen (ten out of each group). Digital photography for dental models has been retaken with the same previous conditions. Following this, all reference lines and points were re-determined, and measurements were re-done by the ImageJ program. The interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were applied to define any random error, whereas paired-sample t-tests were utilized to detect any systematic error.
3. Results
3.1. Participant Flow, Recruitment, and Baseline Data
Of the 102 subjects evaluated for the trial from June 2017 to January 2018, 48 cases did not match the inclusion criteria, ten refused to participate, and six were ruled out after simple random sampling. A total of 38 participants (three male and 35 female) were enrolled, 19 participants per group. One participant had missed the follow-up appointments in each group, leaving 18 patients per group for the data analysis stage, as mentioned in Figure 1. The main characteristics of the sample are shown in Table 1.
3.2. The Error of the Method
The ICCs ranged from 0.978 to 1, which pointed out a high intra-examiner reliability for the performed measurements (Supplementary Table S1). No significant difference between the two measurements was shown by paired-sample t-tests (). Consequently, systematic errors were minor and insignificant (Supplementary Table S2).
3.3. Outcomes and Estimation
3.3.1. Dental Change Measurements
The en-masse retraction rate in the TCG in the first three months was 1.82, 1.66, and 1.39 mm/month, respectively, whereas it was 1.60, 1.42, and 1.22 mm/month, respectively, in the FGC, and the differences were statistically significant (, , , respectively; Table 2). On the other hand, the en-masse retraction rate in the 4th and 5th months in the TCG was 1.14 and 0.89 mm/month, respectively. At the same time, it was 1.08 and 0.98 mm/month, respectively, in the FGC, without any significant differences between the two groups (, , respectively). The mean difference between the two groups in the amount of en-masse retraction was 0.66 mm, which was statistically significant (). Regarding the first molars’ anteroposterior movement, there was no significant difference between both groups during all evaluation times (; Table 3). There was no significant difference between the two corticotomy techniques during the three measurement times for the inter-canine and inter-molar width changes (; Table 4).
3.4. Periodontal Indices
There were no significant differences in the gingival, papillary bleeding, and plaque indices between the FGC and TCG at T0 and T1 (, Table 5). At the same time, there were significant differences between both groups in these indices at T2 (, Table 5). The gingival recession index showed the absence of recession at examined teeth in both groups at T0, T1, and T2.
3.5. Tooth Vitality
With respect to the tooth vitality, there was no significant difference between both groups, as the endo ice test showed persistent vitality of all examined teeth at all times of measurement (T0, T1, and T2).
3.6. Harms
No severe harms were noticed in any group.
4. Discussion
As far as we know, this is the first randomized controlled trial evaluating the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth assisted by traditional or flapless corticotomy interventions. The intention was to evaluate the possibility of replacing traditional corticotomy with a less invasive technique in the event of obtaining similar results regarding the speed of retraction, the dentoalveolar changes, the periodontal health, and the tooth vitality of maxillary teeth.
The upper first premolars were extracted at the onset of orthodontic treatment because the extraction might affect the tooth movement rate [31]. The mini-screw was used as a direct and indirect anchorage method [11]. NiTi closed coil springs were utilized for en-masse retraction instead of chain elastic due to their continuous light force [12]. A 250 g of force was used during the retraction phase, considered within the physiological range and distributed evenly on the upper anterior teeth [30]. The retraction phase was started four days after doing the corticotomy [11], with patients followed up once every two weeks to get the most benefits of the regional acceleration phenomenon (RAP) [10].
The piezosurgery device was chosen to perform both flapless and traditional corticotomy due to its advantages compared to rotary instruments, as it provides accurate and selective incision of hard tissues without hurting adjacent soft tissues, fast bone healing without necrosis due to no heat generation during the cut, ensure a clean, bloodless workspace with perfect vision, and greater patient acceptance because of less vibration and noise compared to traditional burs [32]. The medial end of the third palatine rugae was utilized as a reference mark on the study models because it is considered a stable point [10].
4.1. Main Findings Based on Existing Evidence and Interpretation
The current trial showed that the en-masse retraction rate in the first three months was higher in the traditional corticotomy group in comparison with the flapless corticotomy group since the bone and gingival harms were greater in the TCG compared to the FCG. It can be noted that the differences between the two groups were minimal in the first three months (0.23 mm in the first month (T1), 0.24 mm in the second month (T2), and 0.17 mm in the third month (T3)). Despite being statistically significant, they were clinically unimportant. Thus, it can be inferred that the traditional corticotomy is not better than flapless corticotomy in accelerating the en-masse retraction from the clinical perspective.
Sakthi et al. [30] found that the en-masse retraction rates in TCG were 1.80 mm in the first month, 2.01 mm in the second month, and 1.93 mm in the third month. These findings were greater in comparison with the current study in the second and third months, and this may be partially explained by the timing of premolars extraction, which was done in the same session of corticotomy in the study of Sakthi et al. [30] Simultaneous extraction and corticotomy may have further weakened the bone resistance to the tooth movement and increased the en-masse retraction rate. It was decided in the present trial to extract the maxillary first premolars at the onset of treatment to measure the pure impact of corticotomy. Additionally, the en-masse retraction rate in Sakthi et al. [30] study was measured by a digital calliper from the mesial maximum outline of the second premolar to the distal maximum outline of the canine. Therefore, their measurements included both the expected mesial movement of the posterior segment and the distal movement of the anterior segment, whereas, in the current study, the measurements were done according to the medial end of the third palatal ruga because it is a steady reference point for measuring the anteroposterior tooth movement [33]. Additionally, the bone injury induced in Sakthi et al. [30] study was more than that of the present study as Sakthi et al. [30] used round fissure burs to perform selective alveolar decortication. In contrast, the piezosurgery knife made linear incisions in the current study, that is, less bony injury.
The current trial results demonstrated that both groups had a minor distal movement of the upper first molars. This is due to the friction between the base archwire and the tubes of the first molar bands during the en-masse retraction stage [31]. Additionally, when an interdental contact occurred between the canines and second premolars, a retraction force was translated to the first molar [34]. The distal movement was simple due to the suspension of the orthodontic force once the canines arrived at a class I relationship. The results of the current trial are aligned with Khlef et al. [11] study, who noticed that the maxillary first molars were slightly distalized at the end of the retraction stage in both flapless and traditional corticotomy groups with no significant difference between them. In addition, the finding in the FGC group was consistent with that of Tuncer et al. [31], who found that the first molar showed a distal movement. However, the current study differed from that of Tuncer et al. [31] by the amount of distal movement, as the mean amount of movement was 1.17 mm in their study. Surprisingly, Sakthi et al. [30] did not apply any anchorage method in their study in both TCG and control group (no surgical intervention); however, they found a significantly lesser mesial movement of first molars compared to the control group, which might be explained that the corticotomy had weakened the bone resistance in the anterior region. Thus, it led to a greater amount of posterior anchorage.
An increase in the inter-canine and inter-molar widths was obtained after completing the en-masse retraction in the two groups with no significant differences between them (, , respectively). This increase might be attributed to the fact that the use of orthodontic mini-screws as a direct anchorage method made the force action line directed from a wider area (the mini-screw area) to a narrower site (the soldered hooks), which caused the generation of an expanded force that led to the increase in the inter-canine width [35]. In addition, the canines and first molars had moved towards a more expansive area within the dental arch [36].
The present trial results are aligned with the study of Aksakalli et al. [18], while Tuncer et al. [31] found a slight decrease in the inter-canine and inter-molar widths with an average of 0.59 and 0.22 mm, respectively. It might be attributed to the use of a 0.016 × 0.022 in SS archwire. In contrast, in the current study, a 0.019 × 0.025 in SS archwire was used, which provided better control over the movement of the maxillary canines and first molars during the en-masse retraction.
There was a slight increase in the periodontal indices following the levelling and alignment phase due to the contribution of fixed orthodontic appliances in the microbial plaque accumulation between the brackets, wires, and other elements [37]. This increase in the periodontal indices was statistically insignificant due to the strict oral hygiene instructions and the close patients’ follow-up visits (once every three weeks) [38].
Regarding the periodontal indices after the corticotomy procedures, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant since the periodontal harms were greater in the traditional corticotomy compared to the flapless corticotomy, but clinically the differences were not substantial. No gingival recession was observed in both groups because of the absence of predisposing factors such as severe accumulation of bacterial plaque [39], the application of light forces during levelling and alignment phase, the replacement of wires every three weeks following the accepted principles of orthodontics, and finally, patients’ cooperation in maintaining good oral hygiene. No published paper has been found in the literature that has evaluated the periodontal indices in the en-masse retraction cases. So, the results obtained in the current work will be compared with studies that have only used the traditional and/or flapless corticotomy to accelerate canine retraction.
The current study agreed with Abbas et al. [22] study in terms of the absence of gingival recession, and it differed from it regarding the gingival, papillary bleeding, and plaque indices as they did not find any significant difference between the control and corticotomy groups due to the difference in the study design. Abbas et al. [22] study was a split-mouth design, and the corticotomy was performed on the buccal side only. The present article agreed with Aboul-Ela et al. [14] regarding the increase in the gingival and plaque indices and differed with them as they found a simple gingival recession. The difference might be attributed to the oral hygiene procedures, as the recession occurred within corticotomy and control groups.
The current study differed from Abed and Al-Bustani [15] as they found no bleeding during probing, and it might be due to elevating the flap only from the buccal side in their study.
Finally, the current article differed with Aksakalli et al. [18] in the gingival index values as they were better within the present study. This indicated the establishment of better oral hygiene in the patients of the current study. Besides, the average age of Aksakalli et al. [18] patients was 16.3 ± 2.4 years, which was associated with hormonal and periodontal changes during adolescence.
All maxillary teeth preserved the vitality of the dental pulp. This finding is consistent with Abbas et al. [22] and Abed and Al-Bustani [15] studies. The reason to maintain the vitality of teeth is performing the incisions only within the cortical bone without interfering with the spongy bone, which is responsible for providing blood supply to the teeth.
4.2. Limitations
The focus of the study was directed towards the maxillary arch, and there should be an assessment of the changes in the mandibular arch. The gender effect on the current results was not measured due to the lack of male patients in the study. Besides, there is a need to assess patient-reported outcomes in future research.
4.3. Generalizability
The generalizability of the study results may be restricted because the study was carried out on a particular age range, a particular type of malocclusion with rigorous inclusion criteria. In addition, this study was carried out on participants referred to the Orthodontic Department in a teaching hospital and an academic atmosphere. So, more clinical studies must be carried out on different populations with various types of malocclusion to get a better generalization.
5. Conclusions
(i)Both traditional and flapless corticotomy techniques resulted in clinically similar rates of en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth.(ii)Neither the traditional nor the flapless corticotomy procedure caused a gingival recession at the upper teeth.(iii)All teeth remained vital following both corticotomies.(iv)The flapless corticotomy is less invasive than the traditional corticotomy with similar dental and periodontal changes between both techniques.Abbreviations
| CONSORT: | Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials |
| FC: | Flapless corticotomy |
| FCG: | Flapless corticotomy group |
| ICCs: | Interclass correlation coefficients |
| NiTi: | Nickel-titanium |
| RAP: | Regional acceleration phenomenon |
| RCT: | Randomized controlled trial |
| SS: | Stainless steel |
| TC: | Traditional corticotomy |
| TCG: | Traditional corticotomy group. |
Data Availability
The data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Disclosure
The protocol was not published prior to the trial commencement.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in the submitted manuscript.
Authors’ Contributions
H. N. K performed orthodontic treatment for all patients, performed the data collection and data analysis, interpreted the results, and wrote the manuscript. M. Y. H supervised the whole project, and helped with data analysis and the writing of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Professor Omar Heshmeh and Dr. Nisreen Youssef (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Damascus University, Syria) for their valuable assistance in performing the surgical aspects of this trial. This research work was funded by the University of Damascus Postgraduate Research Budget (Grant no. 92365814682DEN).
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Table 1: Interclass correlation coefficients of repeated measurements in the current study for the assessment of random error (n = 20). Supplementary Table 2: Assessment of the systematic error in the current study (n = 20). (Supplementary Materials)