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Issue: Vol. 4402 No. 1: 27 Mar. 2018
Type: Article
Published: 2018-03-27
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.3
Page range: 53–90
Abstract views: 1644
PDF downloaded: 143

Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science

Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE, Salmon Arm, BC, V1E 2C2, Canada.
Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 130 McGinty Court, E-143 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0310 USA.
Depto. de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14.040-901 Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo, Brazil.
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada.
Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.
Dept. of Biological Sciences, Spaulding Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45431, USA.
Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro – Campus Uberaba. Rua João Batista Ribeiro 4000, Distrito Industrial II, 38064-790, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Jardim das Américas, 81531-980 – Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.
Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State University, 100 Old Highway 12, P.O. Drawer 9775, Mississippi State, MS, 39762-9775, USA.
Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA and Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.
461 Tiger Hammock Road, Crawfordville, FL, 32327, USA.
Research Associate, California State Collection of Arthropods, 2683 Tam O' Shanter Dr., El Dorado Hills, CA, 95762, USA.
California State Collection of Arthropods, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832–1448, USA.
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA, 19103-1195, USA.
American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY, V
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
California State Collection of Arthropods, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832–1448, USA.
Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland.
Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161, SE-38693 Färjestaden, Sweden.
Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161, SE-38693 Färjestaden, Sweden.
I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine.
California State Collection of Arthropods, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832–1448, USA.
I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine.
Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
. School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
Department of Entomology, PO Box 37012, MRC 169; Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., 20013-7012, USA.
Research Associate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC, 20013-7012, USA.
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, s/n, CEP 58.051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; and Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
7. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
California State Collection of Arthropods, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832–1448, USA.
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada.
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n; 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazi.
Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency, OPL-Entomology, K.W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 130 McGinty Court, E-143 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0310 USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45431, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
Washington State University, 2533 Inter Avenue, Puyallup, WA, 98372, USA.
Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard
42. Research Associate, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; 8920 S Bryerly Ct., Hereford, AZ, 85615, USA.
27. School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
Research Associate, Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Research Associate, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), 22-3100 Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Diptera biodiversity tropical inventory Central America Neotropical Region barcoding species richness Cecidomyiidae Phoridae Tachinidae Mycetophilidae Drosophilidae Sciaridae Ceratopogonidae Tipulidae Dolichopodidae Psychodidae Chironomidae

Abstract

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification.

        Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods.

        Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurquí with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapantí and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurquí respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurquí did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase.

        Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurquí is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera.

        Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites.

        Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.

 

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