Abstract
Sand bubbler crabs of the genus Scopimera are common on sandy shores in East Asia yet the taxonomy of the species remains unclear. Scopimera globosa De Haan, 1835, the type species, was described from Japanese specimens and also occurs in Korea and China. Scopimera tuberculata Stimpson, 1858, described from Japan, has been regarded a junior synonym of S. globosa, but the types had long been lost. Some workers have considered the two taxa distinct and S. tuberculata has been recorded from South China. In the present study, we confirm using male gonopod morphology and molecular analysis, that the early records of S. tuberculata from Hong Kong and S. globosa from Taiwan are in fact S. intermedia Balss, 1934. The present study regards S. tuberculata as a subjective junior synonym to S. globosa. A new species, Scopimera ryukyuensis sp. nov. from the Ryukyus, is identified and described herein. The new species is close to S. globosa but can be separated by carapace characters. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene revealed basepair (bp) difference between the new species and other Scopimera spp. to be at the interspecific level, at least 28 bp (4.3%).References
Balss, H. (1934) Die Krabben der Reise J.W. Harms’ nach der Christmas-Insel und dem Malaiischen Archipel. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 106(10), 225–237.
Chan, B.K.K., Tsang, L.M. & Chu, K.H. (2007a) Morphological and genetic differentiation of Tetraclita squamosa (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in East Asia and description of a new species of Tetraclita. Zoological Scripta, 36, 79–91.
Chan, B.K.K., Tsang, L.M. & Chu, K.H. (2007b) Cryptic diversity of Tetraclita squamosa complex (Crustacea, Cirripedia) in Asia: description of a new species from Singapore. Zoological Studies, 46, 46–56.
Dai, A.-Y. & Yang, S.-L. (1991) Crabs of the China Seas. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 682 pp.
Davie, P.J.F., Shih, H.-T. & Chan, B.K.K. A new species of Mictyris (Decapoda, Brachyura, Mictyridae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Crustaceana Monographs (in press).
Evans, A.C. (1967) Syntypes of Decapoda described by William Stimpson and James Dana in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Journal of Natural History, 1, 399–411.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrigenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from iverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
Fukui, Y., Wada, K. & Wang, C.-H. (1989) Ocypodidae, Mictyridae and Grapsidae (Crustacea: Brachyura) from some coasts of Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Museum, 42, 225–238.
Haan, H.M. de. (1833–1849) Crustacea. In: von Siebold, P.F. (Ed.), Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio Animalium, Quae in Itinere per Japoniam, Jussu et Auspiciis Superiorum, qui Summum in India Batava Imperium Tenent, Suscepto, Annis 1823–1830 Collegit, Noitis, Observationibus et Adumbrationibus Illustravit. Lugduni-Batavorum, Leiden, i–xvii, i–xxxi, ix–xvi, pp. 1–243.
Hall, T.A. (2001) Bioedit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis, version 5.09. Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina.
Huang, J.-F., Yu, H.-P. & Takeda, M. (1992) A review of the ocypodid and mictyrid crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) in Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 31, 141–161.
Huang, Z.-G. (1994) Marine Species and Their Distribution in China’s Seas. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 764+134 pp. (in Chinese)
Kamita, T. (1941) Studies of the Decapod Crustaceans of Chosen. Pt. 1. Crabs. The Fisheries Society of Chosen, Keijo, Korea, 289 pp. (in Japanese)
Kemp, S. (1919) Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum. XII. Scopimerinae. Records of the Indian Museum, 16, 305–348.
Kim, H.S. (1973) Anomura-Brachyura. In: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea. Vol.14. Samhwa, Seoul, pp. 589–682. (in Korean)
Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.
Koelbel, K. (1897) Beschreibung der Krebse. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Reise des Grafen Béla Széchenyi in Ostasien, 2, 709–718.
Koga, T. (1995) Movements between microhabitats depending on reproduction and life history in the sand-bubbler crab Scopimera globosa. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 117, 65–74.
Kosuge, T., Wada, K. & Trong, P.D. (1997) Crab distribution in the Cam River estuary, Haiphong, northern Vietnam. In: Anh, P.N., Brands, J.T. & Hong, P.N. (Eds.), National Workshop on the Relationship Between Mangrove Rehabilitation and Coastal Aquaculture in Vietnam. Cres & Actmang, Hanoi, pp. 178–184.
Lee, J.-H. (2001) A Field Guide to Crabs in Taiwan. Bigtrees Co., Taipei, 174 pp. (in Chinese)
Manning, R.B. & Reed, K.J. (2006) Decapod crustaceans deposited in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen by William Stimpson in 1859. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54, 283–293.
Milne Edwards, H. (1852) Observations sur les affinités zoologiques et la classification naturelle des Crustacés. Annales des Sciences naturelles, (3)18, 109–166.
Minemizu, R. (2000) Marine Decapod and Stomatopod Crustaceans Mainly from Japan. Bunnichi-Sogo Shuppan, Tokyo, 344 pp. (in Japanese)
Miyake, S. (1983) Japanese Crustacean Decapods and Stomatopods in Color. II Brachyura (Crabs). Hoikusha, Osaka, 277 pp. (in Japanese)
Morton, B. & Morton, J. (1983) The Sea Shore Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 350 pp.
Nagai, S. & Nomura, K. (1988) Marine Animals of Okinawa, No. 7 (Crustacea). Shinsei Tosho Publication, Okinawa, Japan, 250 pp. (in Japanese)
Ng, P.K.L., Wang, C.-H., Ho, P.-H. & Shih, H.-T. (2001) An annotated checklist of brachyuran crabs from Taiwan (Crustacea: Decapoda). National Taiwan Museum Special Publication Series, 11, 1–86.
Ng, P.K.L., Guinot, D. & Davie, P.J.F. (2008) Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of the extant brachyuran crabs of the world. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement, 17, 1–286.
Nishimura, S. & Suzuki, K. (1971) Common Seashore Animals of Japan in Color (Kaigan Dobutsu). Hoikusha, Osaka, 196 pp. (in Japanese)
Nylander, J.A.A. (2005) MrModeltest version 2.2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Ortmann, A. (1894) Die Decapoden – Krebse des Strassburger Museums, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der van Herrn Dr. Döderlein bei Japan und bei den Liu-Kiu-Inseln gesammelten und zur Zeit im Strassburger Museum aufbewahrten Formen. VIII. Theil. Abtheilung: Brachyura (Brachyura genuine Boas) III. Unterabtheilung: Cancroidea, 2. Section: Cancrinea, 2. Gruppe: Catametopa. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abtheilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 7, 683–772, pl. 23.
Parisi, B. (1918) I Decapodi giapponesi del Museo di Milano. VI. Catometopa e Paguridea. Atti della Societa Italiana de Scienze Naturali, 57, 5–42.
Rafinesque, C.S. (1815) Analyse de la Nature, ou Tableau de l’Univers et des Corps Organisés. L'Imprimerie de Jean Barravecchia, Palermo. 224 pp. (not seen)
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
Sakai, T. (1934) Brachyura from the coast of Kyushu, Japan. Science Reports of the Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku, Section B, 1(25), 281–330.
Sakai, T. (1935) Crabs of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo, 239 pp.+66 pls. (in Japanese)
Sakai, T. (1939) Studies on the Crabs of Japan. IV. Brachygnatha, Brachyrhyncha. Yokendo, Tokyo, pp. 365–741+pls. 42–111.
Sakai, T. (1965) The Crabs of Sagami Bay. Maruzen, Tokyo, 206 pp.+100 pls..
Sakai, T. (1976) Crabs of Japan and the Adjacent Seas. Kodansha, Tokyo, 773 pp+251 pls.
Sakai, T. (1982) Brachyura. In: Uchida, T. (Ed.), New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan (Shin Nihon Doubutsu Zukan). Hokuryukan, Tokyo, pp. 653–721. (in Japanese)
Serène, R. & Moosa, M.K. (1981) Description de Scopimera gordonae sp. nov. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), une espèce des eaux orientals d’Indonesie. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 53, 1–9.
Shao, K.-T., Peng, C.-I. & Wu, W.-J. (2008) 2008 Taiwan Species Diversity II. Species Checklist. Biodiversity Research Center, Academic Sinica, Taipei, 796 pp.
Shen, C.-J. (1932) The brachyuran Crustacea of North China. Zoologia Sinica, Series A, 9, 1–300.
Shen, C.-J. (1935) On some new and rare crabs of the families Pinnotheridae, Grapsidae and Ocypopidae from China. The Chinese Journal of Zoology, 1, 19–40.
Shen, C.-J. (1937a) Second addition to the fauna of brachyuran Crustacea of North China, with a check list of the species recorded in this particular region. Contributions from the Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Peiping, 3(6), 277–314.
Shen, C.-J. (1937b) On some account of the crabs of North China. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology (Zoology), 7(5), 167–185.
Shen, C.-J. (1940) The brachyuran fauna of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Fisheries Research Station Journal, 1, 211–242.
Shih, H.-T. & Suzuki, H. (2008) Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the endemic mudflat crab Helice/Chasmagnathus complex (Crustacea: Brachyura: Varunidae) from East Asia. Zoological Studies, 47, 114–125.
Shih, H.-T., Fang, S.-H. & Ng, P.K.L. (2007a) Phylogeny of the freshwater crabs genus Somanniathelphusa Bott (Decapoda: Parathelphusidae) from Taiwan and the coastal regions of China, with notes on their biogeography. Invertebrate Systematics, 21, 29–37.
Shih, H.-T., Kamrani, E., Davie, P.J.F. & Liu, M.-Y. (2009) Genetic evidence for the recognition of two fiddler crabs, Uca iranica and U. albimana (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), from the northwestern Indian Ocean, with notes on the U. lactea species-complex. Hydrobiologia, 635, 373–382.
Shih, H.-T., Naruse, T. & Yeo, D.C.J. (2008) A new species of Geothelphusa Stimpson, 1857, from Taiwan (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence, with notes on species from western Taiwan. Zootaxa, 1877, 37–48.
Shih, H.-T., Ng, P.K.L., Schubart, C.D. & Chang, H.-W. (2007b) Phylogeny and phylogeography of the genus Geothelphusa (Crustacea: Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) in southwestern Taiwan based on two mitochondrial genes. Zoological Science, 24, 57–66.
Shih, J.-T., Lue, K.-Y. & Wang, C.-H. (1991) Crab fauna and the activities of ten crab species in Tanshui mangrove swamp of Taiwan. Annual of Taiwan Museum, 34, 121–140. (in Chinese)
Stimpson, W. (1858) Crustacea Ocypodoidea. Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers ducibus, observavit et descripsit, Pars 5. Proceedings of the Academia of Natural Science, Philadelphia, 10, 93–110.
Stimpson, W. (1907) Report on the Crustacea (Brachyura and Anomura) collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 1853-1856. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 49(1717), 1–240.
Swofford, D.L. (2003) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), version 4. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Takahasi, S. (1934) An ecological study of the littoral animals near the mouth of the Tamsui. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 24, 1–14. (in Japanese)
Takeda, M. (1975) Brachyura. In: Utinomi, H. (Ed.), The Aquatic Lower Animals of Japan. Gakken, Tokyo, pp. 188–331. (in Japanese)
Takeda, M. (1982) Keys to the Japanese and Foreign Crustaceans Fully Illustrated in Colors. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 58+284 pp. (in Japanese)
Takeda, M. (1994) Anomura and Brachyura. In: Okutani, T. (Ed.), Living Things of Seashores. Yama-Kei Publisher, Tokyo, pp. 221–264. (in Japanese)
Tan, C.G.S. & Ng, P.K.L. (1994) An annotated checklist of mangrove brachyuran crabs from Malaysia and Singapore. Hydrobiologia, 285, 75–84.
Tesch, J.J. (1918) The Brachyura of the Sigoba Expedition. Hymenosomidae, Ocypodidae, Grapsidae and Gecarcinidae. Sigoba Expeditie Monographie, 39c, 1–148.
Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T.J. (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673-4680.
Tweedie, M.W.F. (1937) On the crabs of the family Ocypodidae in the collection of the Raffles Museum. Bulletin of Raffles Museum, Singapore, 13, 104–170.
Tweedie, M.W.F. (1950) Grapsoid crabs from Labuan and Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal, 5, 328–369.
Vasile, R.S., Manning, R.B. & Lemaitre, R. (2005) William Stimpson’s journal from the North Pacific Exploration Expedition, 1853–1856. Crustacean Research Special Number, 5, i–v, 1–220.
Wang, C.-H. (2003) Crabs. In: Chen, C.-P. & J.-Y. Wu (Eds.), Kinmen Caostal Creatures Guide. Kinmen County Government, Kinmen, Taiwan, pp. 86–111. (in Chinese)
Wang, C.-H. & Liu, H.-C. (1996) Preliminary investigations of the crab diversity of Wujiang estuary mangrove area in Kinmen. In: Proceedings of a Conference on Mangrove Ecology. Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, Taiwan, pp. 223–229. (in Chinese)
Xu, J.-W., Chan, T.-Y., Tsang, L.M. & Chu, K.H. (2009) Phylogeography of the mitten crab Eriocheir sensu stricto in East Asia: Pleistocene isolation, population expansion and secondary contact. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics, 52, 45–56.
Yamaguchi, T. & Baba, K. (1993) Crustacean specimens collected in Japan by Ph. F. von Siebold and H. Burger and held by the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden and other museums. In: Yamaguchi, T. (Ed.), Ph. F. von Siebold and Natural History of Japan: Crustacea, The Carcinological Society of Japan, Tokyo, pp. 145–570.
Yamaguchi, T. & Tanaka, M. (1974) Studies on the ecology of a sand bubble crab, Scopimera globosa De Haan (Decapoda: Ocypodidae). I. Seasonal variation of population structure. Japanese Journal of Ecology, 24, 165–174.
Yeo, D.C.J., Shih, H.-T., Meier, R. & Ng, P.K.L. (2007) Phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater crab genus Johora (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from the Malay Peninsula, and the origins of its insular fauna. Zoologica Scripta, 36, 255–269.
Yokoya, Y. (1928) Report of the biological survey of Mutsu Bay. 10. Brachyura and crab-shaped Anomura. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 4th Series (Biology), 3, 757–784.