ABSTRACT
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells undergo uncontrolled growth. The dividing cells may intrude on and destroy either adjacent or distant tissues via lymph or blood. Cancers are classied according to the resemblance of the tumor with a particular cell/tissue type. These types include carcinomas (epithelial origin such as breast, prostrate,
CONTENTS
11.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 275 11.2 Biomarker Denition ......................................................................................................... 276 11.3 Biomarker Development ................................................................................................... 276 11.4 Biomarker Classication ................................................................................................... 278
11.4.1 Risk Biomarkers ..................................................................................................... 278 11.4.2 Surrogate End Point Biomarkers ......................................................................... 278 11.4.3 Prognostic Biomarkers .......................................................................................... 278 11.4.4 Predictive (or Response) Biomarkers .................................................................. 279 11.4.5 Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers............................................................................ 279 11.4.6 Novel Biomarkers................................................................................................... 279
11.5 Biomarker Types ................................................................................................................ 281 11.6 Biomarkers of Clinical Importance ................................................................................. 282
11.6.1 Prognostic Biomarkers .......................................................................................... 282 11.6.1.1 Clinicopathological Biomarkers ............................................................283 11.6.1.2 Receptor Biomarkers ...............................................................................283 11.6.1.3 Multigene Parameter-Based Markers (Based on DNA
Microarrays) ............................................................................................. 287 11.6.1.4 PCR-Based Markers ................................................................................ 290 11.6.1.5 Cathepsin D ............................................................................................. 291 11.6.1.6 Emerging Prognostic Biomarkers ......................................................... 291
11.6.2 Predictive (or Response) Biomarkers .................................................................. 293 11.6.2.1 Mutation Based ........................................................................................ 293 11.6.2.2 Cytogenetic Analysis Based .................................................................. 293 11.6.2.3 Gene Based ............................................................................................... 294
11.6.3 Promising Novel Biomarkers ............................................................................... 294 Author’s Note .............................................................................................................................. 295 References ..................................................................................................................................... 296
lung, etc.), sarcomas (mesenchymal origin), lymphomas and leukemia (hematopoietic origin), reproductive organ cancers (pluripotent cells origin), and blastomas (embryonic tissue origin). There are more than 200 different types of cancer; fortunately, most of them are rare. Among all types of cancer, skin cancer is the most prevalent among men and women. In women, breast cancer is the second most common and lethal type of cancer.
