Binding and cleavage of CRISPR RNA by Cas6

Abstract

The CRISPR–Cas system provides many prokaryotes with acquired resistance to viruses and other mobile genetic elements. The core components of this defense system are small, host-encoded prokaryotic silencing (psi)RNAs and Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins. Invader-derived sequences within the psiRNAs guide Cas effector proteins to recognize and silence invader nucleic acids. Critical for CRISPR–Cas defense is processing of the psiRNAs from the primary transcripts of the host CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) locus. Cas6, a previously identified endoribonuclease present in a wide range of prokaryotes with the CRISPR–Cas system, binds and cleaves within the repeat sequences that separate the individual invader targeting elements in the CRISPR locus transcript. In the present study, we investigated several key aspects of the mechanism of function of Cas6 in psiRNA biogenesis. RNA footprinting reveals that Pyrococcus furiosus Cas6 binds to a 7-nt (nucleotide) sequence near the 5′ end of the CRISPR RNA repeat sequence, 14 nt upstream of the Cas6 cleavage site. In addition, analysis of the cleavage activity of P. furiosus Cas6 proteins with mutations at conserved residues suggests that a triad comprised of Tyr31, His46, and Lys52 plays a critical role in catalysis, consistent with a possible general acid–base RNA cleavage mechanism for Cas6. Finally, we show that P. furiosus Cas6 remains stably associated with its cleavage products, suggesting additional roles for Cas6 in psiRNA biogenesis.