Biostable aptamers with antagonistic properties to the neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ

Abstract

The neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) receptor, has been shown to play a prominent role in the regulation of several biological functions such as pain and stress. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of N/OFQ binding biostable RNA aptamers (Spiegelmers) using a mirror-image in vitro selection approach. Spiegelmers are l-enantiomeric oligonucleotide ligands that display high affinity and specificity to their targets and high resistance to enzymatic degradation compared to d-oligonucleotides. A representative Spiegelmer from the selections performed was size-minimized to two distinct sequences capable of high affinity binding to N/OFQ. The Spiegelmers were shown to antagonize binding of N/OFQ to the ORL1 receptor in a binding-competition assay. The calculated IC₅₀ values for the Spiegelmers NOX 2149 and NOX 2137a/b were 110 nM and 330 nM, respectively. The competitive antagonistic properties of these Spiegelmers were further demonstrated by their effective and specific inhibition of G-protein activation in two additional models. The Spiegelmers antagonized the N/OFQ-induced GTPγS incorporation into cell membranes of a CHO-K1 cell line expressing the human ORL1 receptor. In oocytes from Xenopus laevis, NOX 2149 showed an antagonistic effect to the N/OFQ-ORL 1 receptor system that was functionally coupled with G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K⁺ channels.

Keywords

• Spiegelmer
• nociceptin
• neuropeptide
• biostable aptamer
• RNA, pain
• BSA, bovine serum albumin
• DEPC, diethylpyrocarbonate
• dNTP, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate
• HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
• NTP, ribonucleotide triphosphate
• PBS, phosphate buffered saline
• PCR, polymerase chain reaction
• PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
• WGA, wheat germ agglutinin