Figures
Abstract
Increased disease resistance through improved immune capacity would be beneficial for the welfare and productivity of farm animals. To identify genomic regions responsible for immune capacity traits in swine, a genome-wide association study was conducted. In total, 675 pigs were included. At 21 days of age, all piglets were vaccinated with modified live classical swine fever vaccine. Blood samples were sampled when the piglets were 20 and 35 days of age, respectively. Four traits, including Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels, the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10 and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) blocking percentage to CSFV in serum were measured. All the samples were genotyped for 62,163 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) using the Illumina porcineSNP60k BeadChip. After quality control, 46,079 SNPs were selected for association tests based on a single-locus regression model. To tackle the issue of multiple testing, 10,000 permutations were performed to determine the chromosome-wise and genome-wise significance level. In total, 32 SNPs with chromosome-wise significance level (including 4 SNPs with genome-wise significance level) were identified. These SNPs account for 3.23% to 13.81% of the total phenotypic variance individually. For the four traits, the numbers of significant SNPs range from 5 to 15, which jointly account for 37.52%, 82.94%, 26.74% and 24.16% of the total phenotypic variance of IFN-γ, IL-10, IFN-γ/IL-10, and IgG, respectively. Several significant SNPs are located within the QTL regions reported in previous studies. Furthermore, several significant SNPs fall into the regions which harbour a number of known immunity-related genes. Results herein lay a preliminary foundation for further identifying the causal mutations affecting swine immune capacity in follow-up studies.
Citation: Lu X, Liu J, Fu W, Zhou J, Luo Y, Ding X, et al. (2013) Genome-Wide Association Study for Cytokines and Immunoglobulin G in Swine. PLoS ONE 8(10): e74846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074846
Editor: Huaijun Zhou, University of California, Davis, United States of America
Received: February 24, 2013; Accepted: August 8, 2013; Published: October 2, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Lu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (30972092), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program 2011AA100302), the National Major Special Project of China on New Varieties Cultivation for Transgenic Organisms (2009ZX08009-146B), the Natural Science Foundations of Beijing (6102016), New-Century Training Programme Foundation for the Talents by the State Education Commission of China (NETC-10-0783), and Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of State Education Ministry. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Increasing robustness by improving resistance/tolerance to pathogens is an important selection objective in animal breeding. In the past 30 years, selection for growth, carcass leanness, meat quality and prolificacy has been highly effective in pigs [1]. Indeed, animals highly selected for production traits may be more susceptible to pathogens or less able to maintain performance after infection. In this context, including health traits in existing breeding schemes using indirect strategies is an emerging trend in pig breeding [2]. The immune system plays essential roles in disease resistance of animals. Enhancing immune capacity of animals can be goal of breeding for disease resistance.
Cytokines are important mediators in the regulation and activation of the adaptive immune response in various infections, inflammation, and even cancer development [3]. The levels of a set of cytokines, such as Interferons and Interleukin, in serum vary with health and disease status. Among them, IFN-γ and IL-10 are known to play a role in defense against virus [4], [5]. IFN-γ is an activator of the cytotoxic T cell pathway [6]. The importance of IFN-γ in the immune system is due to its ability to inhibit viral replication directly [7]. The suppression of IFN-γ response will cause the enhancement of secondary infection especially virus infection, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2, and swine influenza virus [8], [9], [10]. IL-10 has pleiotropic effects on immunoregulation and inflammation. IL-10 inhibits a broad spectrum of cellular responses, including suppressing the function of APCs and T cells by inhibiting co-stimulation, MHC class II expression, and chemokine secretion [11]. Although the in vivo role of IL-10 is generally immunosuppressive, it plays an important stimulatory role in the function of B-lymphocytes and the production of antibodies by B1 lymphocytes during the development of an immune response against antigens from pathogens [12]. IL-10 down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and generally protects the animal from systemic inflammation [13]. The stimulatory effect of IL-10 on B cells can enhance antibody production and induce Ig-class switching and plasma cell differentiation [14]. Increased amounts of IL-10 inhibit the action of monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells during the immune response to viral infection and inhibit the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines [12].
There are a positive feedback of IFN-γ and IL-10 on their own production and a negative control of each other's production [15]. The ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 production reflects the capacity to activate or inhibit monocytic and T lymphocytic functions, and a higher ratio has also been shown to be associated with depressive disorders [16]. In human, it has been shown that atopic diseases, such as asthma and allergies, are associated with a pronounced skewing of the Th1/Th2-balance in the Th2-direction [17], and the susceptibility to autoimmune and infectious diseases is associated with the capacity the polarized Th1/Th2-type immune responses [18]. Schulte et al. (1997) found that different inbred strains of rats and mice were extremely different in their capacity of producing Th1 and Th2-type cytokines, which caused them to be different in susceptibility to different kinds of diseases, such as diabetes, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model for multiple sclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis and infectious diseases (Mycobacteria) [19], [20], [21], [22]. Thus, a special focus has been placed on the skewing of the Th1/Th2-balance of the immune system. In swine, Diaza et al. (2003) reported that a Th1-inclined cytokine profile leading to an exacerbated local inflammation at the early installation stage of the cysticercus may interfere with their successful establishment in the serum antibodies against total cysticercus antigens [23].
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is important in immune responses. IgG antibodies are involved in predominantly the secondary immune response. IgG is the most common immunoglobulins circulating in the blood. The presence of specific IgG corresponds to maturation of the antibody response [24]. IgG can bind to many kinds of pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and so on), and protects the body against them by agglutination and immobilization, complement activation (classical pathway), opsonization for phagocytosis, and neutralization of their toxins [25].
In order to include immunocompetence in selection for improved health, a major challenge is to find the key genes controlling immune traits in animals with inter-individual variability in response to various pathogens. Up to now, a large amount of QTLs for immune traits have been detected and mapped to different pig chromosomes (Animal QTLdb, http://www.animalgenome.org/cgi-bin/QTLdb/index). However, the resolution of these QTLs are generally low with confidence interval 20∼30 cM and the identification of the relevant genes and quantitative trait mutations (QTMs) remains great challenge although a few prominent successful cases have been reported [26].
Recently, the first high-density 60 K porcine SNP array has been developed [27], which offers the prerequisite for genome-wide association study (GWAS), a powerful approach for high-resolution mapping of loci controlling complex traits. Using this array, a few GWA studies have been performed in pigs for androstenone levels [28], body composition and structural soundness [29], Escherichia coli F4ab/F4ac susceptibility [30], hematological traits [31], and T lymphocyte subpopulations [32]. Up to now, GWAS have been becoming a most commonly-used strategy for gene identification for complex traits in animals as well as humans.
In this study, we performed a GWAS for IFN-γ and IL-10 levels, the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10 and IgG blocking percentage to CSFV in swine based on the swine 60 K SNP array. A suite of significant SNPs associated with these immune traits at either the genome-wise or chromosome-wise were identified. These promising SNPs may be considered as a preliminary foundation for further replication studies and eventually unraveling the causal mutations in swine.
Materials and Methods
Animal resource
The animal resource used in this study consists of 562 piglets from three different breeds (Landrace, n = 68; Yorkshire, n = 415 and a Chinese indigenous breed named Songliao Black, n = 79). The structure of experimental population was given in Table 1. All individuals were raised from 2007 to 2009 under standard indoor conditions. At 21 days of age, all piglets were vaccinated with 4 doses live Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSF) Vaccine (Rabbit origin, tissue virus ≥0.01 mg/dose) (Qilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd., Shandong, China) through intramuscular injection. The first blood samples were collected from each piglet one day before the vaccination (day 20), and two weeks after the vaccination, the second blood samples were collected (day 35). All blood samples were directly injected into VACUETTE® Serum Clot Activator tubes. In addition, ear tissues of all individuals were also collected. The whole procedure for collection of the samples (blood and ear tissue) was carried out in strict accordance with the protocol approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of China Agricultural University (Permit number: DK996).
Measurement of phenotypes
IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in each serum sample were measured using a commercial ELISA kit (Biosource, Carlsbad, California) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were arranged randomly in each plate and a standard curve was fitted for each plate and used to calculate IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations in each serum sample.
IgG blocking percentage in the serum was measured using the commercial CSF virus antibody test kit (IDEXX laboratories, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Genotyping
DNA was extracted from ear tissue samples of all pigs, including piglets and parental individuals. DNA was quantified and genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip containing 62,163 SNPs, which is a multi-sample genotyping panel powered by Illumina's InfiniumH II Assay. Features of the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip have been detailed previously [27]. All samples were genotyped using BeadStudio (Illumina) and a custom cluster file developed from all samples.
Genotype quality control
To assess the technical reliability of the genotyping panel, a randomly selected DNA sample was genotyped twice and over 99% identity of called genotypes (two mismatches) was obtained. This demonstrates the technically robust feature of the 60 K SNP BeadChip panel employed herein. All the samples included are with a minimum of 95% call rate.
Quality control procedures were as follows. First, only samples with a minimum of 90% call rate were included. Second, out of the initial full-set of 62,163 SNPs, we discarded: (1) SNPs with a call rate <90% (n = 3,812); (2) those deviating from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in controls (P<10–6, n = 6,849); and (3) those having a minor allele frequency (MAF) <03 in the total sample (n = 8,274). Therefore, 46,079 SNPs were available for the subsequent analyses, and the distribution is presented in Table 2.
Statistical analyses
Mixed model based single locus regression analyses (MMRA).
Similar to the study of GWAS before [33], we performed association test for each SNP via regression analysis based on the following linear mixed model:Where
is the vector of phenotypic observations of all piglets on day 35;
is the overall mean;
is the vector of corresponding observations of all piglet on day 20,
is the regression coefficient of the phenotypes on day 35 on those on day 20;
is the vector of fixed effects, including effects of breed and batch of sampling,
is the incidence matrix of
;
is the vector of random litter effects,
is the incidence matrix of
;
is the vector of the SNP genotype indicators which take values 0, 1 or 2 corresponding to the three genotypes 11, 12 and 22 (assuming 2 is the allele with a minor frequency),
is the regression coefficient of
on
.
is the vector of residual polygenic effects with
(where
is the genomic relationship matrix constructed based on SNP markers according to VanRaden [34] and
is the additive variance),
is the incidence matrix of
;
is the vector of residual errors with
(where
is the residual error variance).
The variance components involved in the model were estimated by using the REML method and the software DMU [35]. For each SNP, the estimate of b and the corresponding sampling variances was obtained via mixed model equations (MME). A Wald Chi-squared statistic
with df = 1 was constructed to examine whether the SNP is associated with the trait.
The effect of a SNP on a trait was measured as proportion of the phenotypic variance of the trait explained by the SNP. The phenotypic variance was estimated based on the model described above with the SNP genotype vector excluded. The variance explained by a SNP was calculated as , where
is the allele frequency of the SNP in the study population and
is the estimate of the phenotypic variance.
We employed Fortran 95 to code the computing program for the method and it is available upon request.
Statistical inference
For the analyses above, the permutation method was adopted to generate the empirical distribution of the test statistic and to adjust for multiple testing from the number of SNPs tested as well. In our method, the phenotypes of all individuals were randomly resampled 10,000 times without replacement along with all their related fixed and random effects except SNP genotypes. The critical region was formed by the greatest values of the test statistics in 10000 permutation tests. The genome-wise significance was determined from the critical region which was formed by the greatest values of the test statistic among all tested SNPs in the whole genome from each of the 10,000 permutations. The chromosome-wise significance was determined in the same way except that the critical region was build for each chromosome respectively, i.e., the highest test statistic values among the SNPs on the chromosome were picked up to form the critical region. We declared a genome-wise (chromosome-wise) significant SNP if its raw test statistic value was larger than the 95th percentile value of the genome-wise (chromosome-wise) empirical distribution.
Linkage disequilibrium analyses
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) block analyses were performed for the chromosomal regions with multiple significant SNPs clustered to further pinpoint potential candidate genes. The LD levels were detected using Haploview (Version 4.2) [36], and the LD blocks were defined by the criteria of Gabriel et al. [37].
Results
Alterations of the IgG and cytokine levels in peripheral blood after challenge
The descriptive statistics of IgG and cytokine concentration in peripheral blood on day 20 (the day before vaccination) and day 35 (the day two weeks after vaccination) are shown in Table 3.
Compared with the measurements on day 20, the IL-10 and the IgG concentration in blood on day 35 decreased obviously while the IFN-γ concentration in blood on day 35 increased. However, the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10 on day 35 changed only slightly after challenge.
Significant SNPs
The profiles of the P values (in terms of –log10P) of all tested SNPs for the four traits are shown in Fig 1. Both genome-wise significant and chromosome-wise significant SNPs detected by MMRA for the four traits are presented in Table 4. In total, 32 significant (P<0.05) SNPs at chromosome-wise level, including 4 SNPs at genome-wise level were detected by permutation test.
Different chromosomes are represented by different colors. Chromosome 19 stands for the X chromosome of swine.
For the IFN-γ concentration, 6 significant SNPs, including one at genome-wise significance level, were identified, and three of them are harbored in a narrow region (43.83 to 45.38 Mb) on SSC11. For the IL-10 concentration, 15 significant SNPs (including one SNP at genome-wise significance level) were identified. Six of them are harbored in a narrow region (40.75 to 42.27 Mb) on SSC6 and 4 of them are harbored in a narrow region (0.35 to 0.67 Mb) on SSC 13. LD analysis showed that SNPs in each of the two regions were in one LD block, respectively. For the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10, 5 and 2 significant SNPs were identified on SSC8 and SSC12, respectively. For the IgG concentration, 6 significant SNPs (including two at genome-wise significance level) were found, and four of them are on SSC2.
Discussion
GWAS has been considered as a promising tool for gene identification for complex traits. So far GWAS for domestic animal are largely focused on economically important growth and production traits, such as milk production in dairy cattle, backfat in swine, etc. In this study, we carried out a GWAS to explore potential causal genes for the IgG and cytokine in swine. To our knowledge, this is the first study aiming at unrevealing the genetic mechanism of those immune traits in swine based on a high density SNP chip panel. Heritability estimates of the cytokine (IL10 and IFN-γ) levels were moderate to high after PMAIONO and CONA stimulations (h2 = 0.41 to 1.0) [2], [38]. Heritability estimates for IgG, calculated by paternal half-sib correlation, ranged from 0.31 to 0.27 [39], indicating that selection for increased serum IgG concentrations would be possible. Therefore, as a category of immune-related traits with moderate heritability, these immune traits can be potentially implemented to selection for disease resistance and susceptibility in swine breeding. Genetic correlation estimates among IFN-γ, IL10 and IgG were generally weak (rg<0.3) [2], that illustrated these traits provide more or less independent potential clues for selecting for improved immunocompetence. Based on heritability and correlation estimations in Flori and collaborators' study, these immune traits might be incorporated into selection schemes, provided they are associated with improved global health and do not exhibit strong antagonisms with other economically important traits.
In this study, we treated breed as a fixed effect to avoid potential confounding between effects of SNP and breed. And the main purpose of our study is to detect common SNPs influencing the cytokines and IgG level in serum, so we did not put the interaction effect in our association model in GWAS.
32 significant SNPs with chromosome-wise level were detected to be associated with the four traits investigated, 4 of them reached genome-wise level. These SNPs account for 3.23% to 13.81% of the total phenotypic variance individually. For the four traits, the numbers of significant SNPs range from 5 to 15, which jointly account for 37.52%, 82.94%, 26.74% and 24.16% of the total phenotypic variance of IFN-γ, IL-10, IFN-γ/IL-10, and IgG, respectively. However, some of the significant SNPs for a trait are very close to each other and may represent one SNP. Therefore, the total effect of the significant SNPs for a trait should be much less than the sum of the individual SNP effects. For example, of the 15 significant SNPs for IL-10, four are located in the region of 0.35 Mb to 0.67 Mb on SSC13 and six in the region of 40.7 Mb to 42.2 Mb on SSC6. LD analysis revealed that they are in one LD block, respectively. In particular, the 6 SNPs on SSC6 are in complete LD, suggesting their effects on IL-10 may be due to a single gene in this region. Indeed, there is only one immune-related gene, IL-11 (interleukin 11), in this region, which can be considered as a promising candidate gene, although it is not the nearest gene to any of the 6 SNPs.
Of the significant SNPs, 17 fall into QTL regions of immune-related traits previously reported, furthermore, some of the QTL are responsible for the same traits considered in the present study. Specifically, on SSC11, the three significant SNPs with effect on the IFN-γ concentration are located within the reported QTL region for IFN-γ [40]. The significant SNP for the IL-10 concentration on SSC5 is located within the reported QTL for the IFN-γ concentration [40]. The two significant SNPs for the IgG concentration on SSC2 fall in the regions which have been reported to harbor QTL for IgG in our previous study (submitted to journal). IFN-γ regulates neutrophil activation and enhances neutrophil surface receptor expression [41] and is produced by Th1 CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops [7]. The significant SNP for the IFN-γ concentration on SSC8 is located within the reported QTL for monocyte [42]. IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by both lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes [43]{Rentzos, 2009 #263}{Rentzos, 2009 #263}. The significant SNPs for the IL-10 concentration on SSC4 are located within the reported QTL for monocyte and T lymphocyte [42], [44]. All six significant SNPs for IL-10 on SSC6 are located within the QTL for T lymphocyte [44]. The two significant SNPs for IFN-γ/IL-10 on SSC12 are located within the QTL for lymphocyte [42]. The significant SNP for the IgG concentration on SSC1 is located within the QTL for the eosinophils and leukocyte [42]. These findings suggest that these regions can be considered as candidate regions for further exploring the potential functional genes in the follow-up studies.
In addition to the IL-11 gene harbored in the LD block on SSC6, there are several other significant SNPs which fell into the regions harboring known immune-related genes (not necessarily the nearest to the SNPs). For IFN-γ, the significant SNPs (H3GA0031875, MARC0074652, and MARC0105416) were found in the region which harbors the PIBF1 (progesterone immunomodulatory binding factor 1) gene and the KLF5 (Kruppel-like factor 5 (intestinal)) gene. For IgG, the significant SNP (ASGA0009314) was found in the region which harbors the MADD (MAP-kinase activating death domain) gene, the SPI1 (spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) proviral integration oncogene spi1) gene and the NR1H3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3) gene. On SSC1, the SNP with genome-wise significance level (MARC0056499) for IgG falls in the region which harbors the LRRC8A (leucine rich repeat containing 8 family, member A) gene. The LRRC8 family genes encode components of the pre-B cell receptor or proteins that are activated by crosslinking of the pre-B cell receptor. Defects in these genes result in a block in B-cell differentiation at the pro-B to pre-B cell transition [45], [46]. IgG molecules are synthesized and secreted by plasma B cells. Therefore, LRRC8A can be considered as a candidate gene for IgG in the further studies.
Conclusions
In summary, our study revealed 32 SNPs associated with four traits (including Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels, the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10 and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) blocking percentage to CSFV in serum) at chromosome-wise significance level of which 4 reached genome-wise significance level. These SNPs account for 3.23% to 13.81% of the total phenotypic variance individually. 17 of them are located within the immune-related QTL regions reported in previous studies. Furthermore, 11 of them fall into the regions harboring known immunity-related genes. Findings herein lay a preliminary foundation for further identifying the causal mutations affecting swine immune capacity in follow-up studies.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: QZ JFL. Performed the experiments: XL YRL YL. Analyzed the data: XL WXF JPZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JFL XDD. Wrote the paper: XL QZ.
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