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Abstract
The Cre/loxP system is a powerful tool for generating conditional genomic recombination and is often used to examine the mechanistic role of specific genes in tumorigenesis. However, Cre toxicity due to its non-specific endonuclease activity has been a concern. Here, we report that tamoxifen-mediated Cre activation in vivo induced the regression of primary lymphomas in p53−/− mice. Our findings illustrate that Cre activation alone can induce the regression of established tumors.
Citation: Li Y, Choi PS, Casey SC, Felsher DW (2014) Activation of Cre Recombinase Alone Can Induce Complete Tumor Regression. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107589. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107589
Editor: Robert Oshima, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, United States of America
Received: June 13, 2014; Accepted: August 13, 2014; Published: September 10, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Li et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The research was supported by grants from National Cancer Institute (R01CA170378, U54CA149145) and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Translational Research grant R6223-07 (DF). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The Cre/loxP system has been widely used to induce tissue- and developmental stage- specific genomic recombination [1], [2]. Cre/loxP is a particularly tractable strategy to examine the role of gene activation or inactivation in the initiation and maintenance of tumorigenesis. However, Cre activation can also induce non-specific genomic recombination. In some cases, Cre activation has been shown to induce significant cellular toxicity associated with marked cell death in cell culture [3]–[5]. This toxicity is not seen in Cre mutants that do not have endonuclease activities [3].
Similarly, Cre activation in vivo in mouse models can induce toxicity in normal cellular lineages. For example, in mouse lines with Cre expressed in neuronal progenitors, defects have been observed in brain development [6]. Myocardial-specific Cre activation with tamoxifen in the αMHC-MERCreMER mice induces cardiac fibrosis and heart failure [7], [8]. Furthermore, systemic Cre activation with tamoxifen in the Rosa26-CreERT2 mice results in thymic atrophy and severe hematological toxicity [9].
The Cre/loxP system has been used to interrogate the role of specific genes in tumorigenesis [2]. Although most studies have presumed that Cre does not have effects on tumorigenesis, one report described that Cre expression blocked tumor formation in a mouse model of lymphoma transplantation [10]. Here we report that Cre activation resulted in the regression of primary lymphoma induced by p53 deficiency. Our results have implications for the use of the Cre/loxP system for tumorigenesis studies.
Methods
Lymphoma model
All animal work was approved by the Stanford IACUC committee (protocol number 14045) and follows AAALAC guidelines. The p53 deficient mice (p53−/−) were used as the spontaneous lymphoma model. The p53−/− mice were maintained in the FVB/N background and the majority of them developed malignant lymphoma within 6 months of age [11]. The UBC-Cre-ERT2 mice carrying the transgenic Cre-ERT2 controlled by the Ubiquitin C (UBC) promoter were maintained in the 129S6 background [12]. The p53−/− mice were crossed with the UBC-Cre-ERT2 mice to derive the UBC-Cre-ERT2; p53−/− mice.
Conditional Cre activation
For in vivo activation of Cre, the mice were gavaged with tamoxifen (200 mg/kg, once daily, with one day off after 4 consecutive doses) for 9 days. For in vitro activation of Cre, the p53−/− lymphoma cell lines carrying either MSCV empty vector or MSCV-Cre-ERT2 were treated with 1 micromolar of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (Sigma, H7904) for 48 hours.
MRI imaging
Lymphoma development in the mice was monitored using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Once the lymphoma was established, mice were treated with tamoxifen. The tumors were imaged before treatment and 12–16 days after the start of treatment with a 7T MRI system (T2-weighed fast spin echo) at Stanford small animal imaging facility. The MRI image stacks were analyzed with the Osirix image application to derive the tumor volumes.
Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis
For detection of apoptosis, the lymphoma cells were stained with Annexin V and 7-AAD and analyzed with a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences). The apoptotic cell populations were visualized with FlowJo (Treestar).
Immunohistochemical analysis of apoptosis
For detection of apoptosis in vivo, the thymic lymphomas from mice treated with tamoxifen were fixed, paraffin-embedded and sectioned. Tissue slides were stained with a cleaved-Caspase 3 antibody (Cell Signaling #9661) following manufacturer’s instructions. The slides were developed with DAB (Vector Laboratories) and also counterstained with hematoxylin.
Results and Discussion
The p53 deficient mice (p53−/−) were used as the spontaneous lymphoma model. As previously reported, the p53−/− mice developed malignant lymphoma within 6 months of age [11]. The UBC-Cre-ERT2 was introduced into the p53−/− background by crossing. Upon Cre activation with tamoxifen treatment, the temporal regression of UBC-Cre-ERT2; p53−/− lymphoma was observed in multiple independent tumors as measured by MRI imaging (Figure 1). Tumor volume quantification using MRI image stacks showed that the size of the UBC-Cre-ERT2; p53−/− lymphoma was reduced to 0%–30% of the pretreatment level (Figure 2). The regression of the tumors was also visually confirmed by postmortem dissection. In contrast, the volume of the p53−/− lymphoma without UBC-Cre-ERT2 transgene increased 4–6 fold despite tamoxifen treatment (Figure 2).
The coronal sections of the thymic lymphoma were shown with tumors labeled with white asterisks. The letter H denotes the location of heart. Post-treatment scans were performed 14 days after starting tamoxifen treatment.
Relative tumor volume was calculated by dividing post-treatment tumor volume by pre-treatment tumor volume. Unpaired t test, p<0.001. The code number of each mouse is labeled on the x-axis.
To investigate the mechanism of lymphoma regression, we tested whether Cre activation could induce apoptosis in a p53−/− lymphoma cell line derived from the mouse model. Cre-ERT2 was overexpressed in the p53−/− lymphoma cell line with the retroviral Murine Stem Cell Virus (MSCV-Cre-ERT2). Upon Cre activation in cell culture with one micromolar of 4-hydroxytamoxifen, there was a four-fold increase of apoptotic cells (11% to 42%) as shown by flow cytometric analysis after Annexin V/7-AAD staining. In contrast, the control p53−/− lymphoma cell line carrying an empty MSCV vector did not show significant changes in apoptosis rate (Figure 3). To further test whether Cre activation could induce apoptosis in vivo, we stained the p53−/− thymic lymphomas using a cleaved-Caspase 3 antibody. Tamoxifen treatment induced a significant increase in cleaved-Caspase 3 staining (1% to 18%) in the p53−/−; UBC-Cre-ERT2 tumors but only moderate changes in the control p53−/− tumors (Figure 4). Hence, Cre activation induced significant cell death which can contribute to the in vivo tumor regression in the p53−/− mouse model.
Cells were treated in triplicates with 1 micromolar 4-hydroxytamoxifen for 48 hours and analyzed with flow cytometry after Annexin V/7-AAD staining. * Paired t test, p<0.005.
Mice with thymic lymphomas were treated with tamoxifen. Tumor sections were stained with a cleaved-Caspase 3 antibody. Apoptotic cells were stained brown color. The numbers in the top right corners represent the percentage of apoptotic cells. Data are presented as mean + standard deviation. Paired t test p<0.01, for Cre-ERT2 post-treatment versus pre-treatment.
Our results are the first to demonstrate that Cre activation alone can induce the regression of established primary tumors in vivo. We found that Cre activation can induce marked apoptosis in p53−/− lymphoma. Our results are consistent with prior reports that Cre activation can result in toxicity in normal tissues [6]–[9]. The most likely explanation for our finding is that Cre activation induces genomic rearrangement associated with the cryptic loxP sites within the mouse genome [9]. We recognize that the effects of Cre are likely dose- and duration-dependent.
Our findings reinforced the previous notion that, for studies with the Cre/loxP system, an experimental control using mice with Cre expression but without the loxP sites should always be included for the possibility that Cre activation can markedly perturb the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis and even induce the regression of established tumors [10].
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YL DF. Performed the experiments: YL PC SC. Analyzed the data: YL SC. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: YL DF.
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