http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-913X
Figures
Abstract
Suboptimal bowel preparation can result in missed colorectal adenoma that can evolve into interval colorectal cancer. This study aims to identify the predictive factors associated with missed adenoma on repeat colonoscopy in patients with suboptimal bowel preparation at initial colonoscopy. A total of 441 patients with suboptimal bowel preparation on initial colonoscopy and who had repeat colonoscopy within two years were included from 2007 to 2014 in six tertiary hospitals. Suboptimal bowel preparation was defined as ‘poor’ according to the Aronchick scale or a score ≤ 1 in at least one segment or total score < 6 according to the Boston bowel preparation scale. Of 441 patients, mean age at initial colonoscopy was 59.1 years, and 69.2% patients were male. The mean interval from initial to repeat colonoscopy was 14.1 months. The per-patient adenoma miss rate (AMR) was 42.4% for any adenoma and 5.4% for advanced adenoma. When the association between baseline clinical characteristics and missed lesions on repeat colonoscopy was analyzed, dyslipidemia (odds ratio [OR], 5.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–23.66; P = 0.034), and high-risk adenoma (OR, 4.45; 95% CI, 1.12–17.68; P = 0.034) on initial colonoscopy were independent risk factors for missed advanced adenoma. In patients with suboptimal bowel preparation, dyslipidemia and high-risk adenoma on initial colonoscopy were independently predictive of missed advanced adenoma on repeat colonoscopy.
Citation: Chang JY, Moon CM, Lee HJ, Yang H-J, Jung Y, Kim SW, et al. (2018) Predictive factors for missed adenoma on repeat colonoscopy in patients with suboptimal bowel preparation on initial colonoscopy: A KASID multicenter study. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0195709. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195709
Editor: Frank T. Kolligs, University of Munich, GERMANY
Received: December 16, 2017; Accepted: March 28, 2018; Published: April 26, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Chang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2010-0027945) and this research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (grant number; 2017R1D1A1B03035311, Chang Mo Moon).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Colonoscopy is an evidence-based modality that can reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and cancer-related mortality [1,2]. For effective colonoscopy, adequate bowel preparation is essential and crucial. Adequate bowel preparation is closely related to colorectal adenoma (CRA) detection and safety during the procedure [3]. However, in real practice, suboptimal bowel preparation occurs in 25–30% of all colonoscopies [4,5]. Suboptimal bowel preparation may not only attenuate the protective role of colonoscopy, but also leads to additional examinations. This can increase medical cost [6,7] or the number of procedure-related complications [7]. In addition, suboptimal bowel preparation is a major possible cause of interval CRC [8]. Risk of missed CRA is two to three times higher with suboptimal bowel preparation compared to cases with excellent bowel preparation [7].
The recent 2012 US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer guideline for colonoscopy surveillance mentioned poor preparation for the first time and recommends repeat examination within 1 year in most cases of poor bowel preparation [9]. This guideline suggests that the goal of adequate preparation is visualization of polyps larger than 5 mm. However, the definition terms “poor” and “in most cases” in this guideline are subjective versus definitive and this recommendation lacks sufficient evidence. Most previous studies regarding suboptimal bowel preparation have concluded that suboptimal bowel preparation is associated with missed CRA [7,10,11]. However, there have not been any studies to evaluate clinical risk factors that predict missed colorectal lesions in patients with suboptimal bowel preparation.
The aim of this study is to identify the clinical predictive factors associated with missed CRA on repeat colonoscopy in patients with suboptimal bowel preparation on initial colonoscopy.
Materials and methods
Study subjects
In this multicenter, retrospective study, the study population consisted of adult subjects aged 30 to 75 years old who showed suboptimal preparation on their initial colonoscopy and underwent repeat colonoscopy within two years from January 2007 and December 2014 (n = 809). They underwent initial colonoscopy for screening or surveillance of CRC, diagnosis of presenting symptoms, or therapy of known colon polyp. Suboptimal bowel preparation of initial colonoscopy was ‘poor’ or ‘inadequate’ according to the Aronchick Bowel Preparation Scale (ABPS) or ≤ 1 in at least one segment or total score < 6 according to the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Initial and repeat colonoscopy was completely examined and interval between these two examination was less than 2 years. The clinical data of these subjects were collected from six tertiary medical institutions (Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, and University of Ulsan College of Medicine) in republic of Korea.
Subjects were excluded by the following criteria: (1) failure of cecal intubation on initial colonoscopy; (2) bowel resection history; (3) incomplete removal of polyps found on initial colonoscopy; (4) known or newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or CRC; (5) inadequate bowel preparation of repeat colonoscopy; (6) insufficient medical records. For patients who were referred to one of six hospitals for polyp resection, only cases in which lesions detected at the referring hospital could be definitely recognized on initial colonoscopy by their location, shape, and size were included. After excluding individuals with aforementioned exclusion criteria, a total of 441 subjects were included in this study.
All colonoscopies were done with standard colonoscopes (CF Q240, CF Q260, CF H260; Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with EVIS LUCERA system (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
Assessment of bowel preparation quality
An endoscopist assessed bowel preparation quality during examinations using BBPS or ABPS. BBPS assesses bowel preparation using the following 4-point scale for three colon segments (right, transverse, left). Unprepared colon with an unapparent entire mucosa because of solid non-removable stool is scored as 0. Poor visualization of some portion of mucosa due to residual stool and/or opaque liquid and staining is scored as 1. Good visualization of most mucosa with a minor amount of small stool fragments and/or opaque liquid and residual staining is scored as 2, and perfect visualization of the entire mucosa is scored as 3. The right colon includes large bowel from the cecum to hepatic flexure, the transverse colon is from the hepatic to splenic flexures, and the left colon is defined as the splenic flexure to the rectum. Total BBPS score is the sum of scores at each segment, ranging from 0 to 9 [12,13]. ABPS assesses the bowel preparation quality of the entire colon using 5 scales; examinations that require repeat colonoscopy are ‘inadequate’, and visualization of less than 90% of the mucosal surface due to semisolid stool that cannot be suctioned or washed away is referred to as ‘poor’. ‘Fair’ is when greater than 90% of the colon surface is seen with some semisolid stool that cannot be suctioned or washed out, whereas ‘good’ is defined if there is only a large volume of clear liquid. ‘Excellent’ describes examinations in which greater than 95% of the mucosal surface are seen or only a small volume of clear liquid is present [14]. In our study, suboptimal bowel preparation was defined as ‘poor’ or ‘inadequate’ according to ABPS and a score ≤ 1 in at least one segment or total score < 6 according to BBPS.
Study outcomes
During initial and repeat examinations, all detected polyps were resected by forcep removal, endoscopic mucosal resection, or snare polypectomy. Advanced adenoma was defined as tubular adenoma greater than 10 mm in diameter, any adenoma containing villous histological features, or adenoma with high-grade dysplasia [15]. The low-risk adenoma group was defined as 1 or 2 tubular adenomas without features of advanced adenomas, whereas the high-risk adenoma group included advanced adenomas or more than 3 tubular adenomas without features of advanced adenoma. Adenomas found on repeat colonoscopy but not on initial colonoscopy were defined as missed adenomas. The per-patient adenoma miss rate (AMR) was calculated as (number of patient with missed adenoma) / (total number of patients) [16,17]. The per-adenoma AMR was defined as (number of missed adenomas) / (total number of adenomas found at both initial and repeat examinations) [16,17].
The following demographic and clinical data were reviewed through medical records to analyze risk factors associated with missed adenoma: demographic information, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits and alcohol consumption, a family history of CRC, a history of colon polyps, a history of abdominal surgery, comorbidities, indication for initial colonoscopy, bowel preparation materials and methods, patient admission status on initial colonoscopy, participation of trainee, withdrawal time, initial colonoscopic findings, and interval between initial and repeat colonoscopy.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS program, version 22.0. To evaluate the prevalence of missed adenoma according to colon location in the per–patient method, Cochran’s Q test (MedCalc, version 11.5.1.0) and Fisher’s exact test were used. In univariate analyses, Student t-test was used for continuous variables and the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, or Linear-by-Linear association was used for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictive factors for any or advanced missed adenomas. P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Baseline characteristics
Baseline characteristics of study subjects and initial colonoscopy are shown in Table 1. The mean age of the study population was 59.1±11.0 years, and 69.2% were male. Mean BMI was 24.4 kg/m2, and 30.8% of patients had a history of colon polyp. Regarding indication for colonoscopy, screening or surveillance was noted in 362 (82.1%) patients, diagnosis of specific symptoms was cited in 58 (13.2%) patients, and therapeutic purposes were noted in 21 (4.8%) patients. A total of 239 (54.2%) cases were assessed by ABPS, and 202 (45.8%) cases were assessed by BBPS. For bowel preparation, 246 (55.8%) patients were prescribed a split dosing regimen and 357 (81.0%) patients were out-patients. Mean withdrawal time during initial colonoscopy was 15.7±11.9 minutes. The characteristics of repeat colonoscopy are summarized in S1 Table. The mean interval from initial to repeat colonoscopic examination was 14.1 months (median 13.1 months).
Adenoma miss rates
Among 441 patients, missed adenomas were detected in 187 patients, resulting in per-patient AMR for any adenoma of 42.4%. Among a total of 1,079 adenomas, 386 adenomas were missed on initial colonoscopy, representing 35.8% per-adenoma AMR. A total of 127 advanced adenomas were found at both initial and repeat colonoscopy in 441 patients. Twenty-four advanced adenomas were missed on initial colonoscopy in 24 patients. Thus, the per-patient AMR was 5.4% and per-adenoma AMR was 18.9% for advanced adenoma, respectively (Table 2). When missed adenomas were analyzed according to location (Fig 1), missed total adenomas were most frequently at the ascending colon (17.5%), followed by the transverse colon (15.6%) and rectum (10.9%). A majority of missed advanced adenomas were found at the ascending colon (2.9%) and rectum (1.4%) in per-patient analysis (Fig 1A). The proportion of missed total and missed advanced adenomas was significantly different according to location (P < 0.001). In per-adenoma analysis (Fig 1B), the location of missed total adenomas in descending order was transverse colon (39.1%), descending colon (38.0%) and ascending colon (37.6%), with no significant difference between sites (P = 0.437). AMR for advanced adenoma was 34.3% at the ascending colon, twice as high as the AMR in other segments (15.4% at descending colon, 15.4% at rectum, 12.5% at cecum, 10.0% at transverse colon, and 9.1% at sigmoid colon). However, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.219).
Per-patient AMR according to colonic segment (Fig 1A). Proportion of missed total and missed advanced adenomas was significantly different according to location (P < 0.001). Per-adenoma AMR according to colonic segment (Fig 1B). There was no significant difference in proportion of missed total adenoma (P = 0.437). The AMR for advanced adenoma was 34.3% at ascending colon, twice as high as the AMR in other segments, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.219). AC, ascending colon; TC, transverse colon; DC, descending colon; SC, sigmoid colon.
To evaluate differences in AMR according to the grade of bowel preparation quality on initial colonoscopy, AMR according to total BBPS score was analyzed in 202 (45.8%) cases in which initial colonoscopy was assessed by BBPS scale. When the AMR of each colon portion was analyzed according to the segmental BBPS score, there was no significant difference in AMR for any adenoma and advanced adenoma based on BBPS segment score at all three colon regions (S2 Table).
Predictive factors for missed adenoma on repeat colonoscopy
To identify predictive factors for missed adenoma, the association of baseline clinical characteristics on initial colonoscopy with missed CRA on repeat colonoscopy was analyzed. Age at initial colonoscopy (P < 0.001), BMI (P = 0.026), alcohol (P = 0.028), history of colon polyps (P < 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.023), dyslipidemia (P = 0.007), arterial thromboembolic disease (P = 0.001), initial colonoscopy findings (P < 0.001), and withdrawal time (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with any missed adenoma on repeat colonoscopy in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis including all variables, BMI (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–2.40; P = 0.049), a history of colon polyps (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.23–3.19; P = 0.005), arterial thromboembolic disease (OR, 3.46; 95% CI,1.09–11.02; P = 0.036), and both low-risk adenoma (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.23–3.36; P = 0.006) and high-risk adenoma (OR, 4.19; 95% CI, 2.36–7.44; P < 0.001) on initial colonoscopy were independent predictors for any missed adenoma on repeat examination (Table 3).
Dyslipidemia (OR, 5.19; 95% CI, 1.14–23.66; P = 0.034), and high-risk adenoma (OR, 4.45; 95% CI, 1.12–17.68; P = 0.034) on initial colonoscopy were independent predictive factors for missed advanced adenoma on repeat colonoscopy (Table 4). Additionally, older age (≥ 60 years) (OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.30–5.94; P = 0.009), hypertension (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.13–4.78; P = 0.022) and high-risk adenoma on initial colonoscopy (OR, 5.65; 95% CI, 2.40–13.26; P < 0.001) were independently predictive of high-risk adenoma on repeat colonoscopy (S3 Table).
Discussion
This study identified clinical predictors associated with missed CRA on repeat colonoscopy in patients with suboptimal bowel preparation. This study demonstrated that the per-patient AMR was 42.4% for any adenoma and 5.4% for advanced adenoma. Several previous studies showed the negative impact of suboptimal bowel preparation on missing CRA by reporting per-patient AMR for any adenoma and advanced adenoma as 33.8–47% and 18.0–37%, respectively [7,10]. When AMR was analyzed by the per-adenoma method, the rate was 40 to 47.9% for any adenoma and 27 to 58% for advanced adenoma [4,7,10]. The results of our study are comparable to other studies presenting the AMR for any adenoma as 42.4% in per-patient analysis and 35.5% in per-adenoma analysis. However, our study revealed a lower AMR for missed advanced adenoma (5.4% in per-patient analysis and 18.9% per-adenoma analysis) compared to previous studies. This difference might be explained by the difference in prevalence, location, or histologic characteristics of CRAs according to geographic or racial differences. The Korean population had higher risk of distal adenoma and large adenoma compared to the U.S population [18]. The AMR is also influenced by various factors related to endoscopists, instruments, and surveillance interval, which are associated with the quality of colonoscopy [19–21]. Thus, large-scale studies including multiple racial populations are needed to explain different AMR values.
Our study showed that the per-patient AMR for both any adenoma (P < 0.001) and advanced adenoma (P < 0.001) was significantly higher in the ascending colon compared with other segments. To our knowledge, only a few studies have evaluated AMR according to colon location. Chokshi et al [10] reported 64.8% of total missed adenomas and 80.0% of missed advanced adenomas were found in the proximal colon. Singhal et al [22] reported 66.6% of missed adenomas were located in the right colon. This can be explained by tumor biology or morphology [23,24] and anatomical structure, with prominent folds leading to lower adenoma recognition even with adequate bowel preparation [25].
We also evaluated differences in AMR according to grade of bowel preparation quality on initial colonoscopy. There was no significant difference in AMR for any adenoma and advanced adenoma between different groups according to the BBPS segment score. This result is different from that of the prior study [26]. Clark et al [26] suggest BBPS segment score of 1 as a threshold for inadequate preparation requiring early repeat examination because BBPS segment score less than 1 had a significantly higher rate of AMR and changed the recommend surveillance interval in more than 40% of patients. We considered several reasons for this result. First, the relatively small sample size of our study could cause this statistical insignificance. Second, according to some inclusion criteria of our study such as the completion of initial colonoscopy, this study may have excluded some patients with quite poor bowel preparation, which could have resulted in ‘filtering’ the subjects showing relatively similar bowel preparation grades.
Our study found that dyslipidemia, and high-risk adenoma on the initial colonoscopy are independent predictors for missed advanced adenoma of repeat colonoscopy. Although there have been no prior studies evaluating the predictive factors of missed CRA in patients with initial suboptimal bowel preparation, these factors can be explained by studies investigating predictors for metachronous or missed colorectal neoplasm in routine surveillance. Patient age [27], male sex [28], increased number [27–30], size [27–29], dysplasia [30], and villous histologic component [28] of adenoma on initial colonoscopy have been identified as risk factors for metachronous neoplasia. Dyslipidemia, a component of metabolic syndrome, is a risk factor of metachronous CRA as well as CRA prevalence [31]. Dyslipidemia causes insulin resistance and tumorigenesis [32]. For factors associated with missed adenoma, sessile shape, location, size, and number were reported in tandem colonoscopic studies [16,33]. High-risk adenoma, which implies increase an in number and size, dysplasia, and villous histologic component were commonly associated factors for missed advanced adenoma or metachronous neoplasm. Some predictors for missed CRA in patients with suboptimal preparation, such as history of colon polyps and CRA on initial colonoscopy, are in line with those for missed or metachronous CRA in routine surveillance.
This study has several limitations. First, its retrospective design may cause selection or recall biases. Also, interobserver or intraobserver bias may exist in the assessment of bowel preparation. However, there are several difficulties in conducting a prospective study in this setting. Allocation of study subjects to a group with suboptimal bowel preparation could give rise to ethical problems, and recruiting a sufficient sample size would take long-term study period. Second, we assumed that newly detected CRA in the repeat examination was a missed lesion, but these lesions may be interpreted as either missed CRA or newly developed metachronous CRA. To minimize this controversy, we only included study subjects whose repeat colonoscopy was conducted within 2 years. Third, after excluding subjects with predictive factors for CRA such as history of IBD or CRC, there are still heterogeneous indications for colonoscopy in this study. A recent study demonstrated that the ADR differed depending on the indication of colonoscopy, yielding an overall ADR as 22.9% in patients undergoing screening colonoscopy, 36.1% in surveillance colonoscopy, and from 12% to 30% in diagnostic colonoscopy for gastrointestinal symptoms [34]. Different indications in study subjects can influence results in our study. Fourth, as the present study was conducted in a retrospective manner, not all repeat colonoscopies were done by the same endoscopist, who had performed the initial examination. However, since this study was conducted at tertiary university hospitals certified for high-level quality-control for colonoscopy, the ADR of each endoscopist, withdrawal time, or bowel preparation were under comprehensive control. Thus, discrepancies of endoscopists between initial and repeat colonoscopy would not have affected the outcome in this study. Additionally, this study did not analyze AMR on repeat colonoscopy of patients with inadequate bowel preparation compared with those with adequate bowel preparation. To evaluate how much inadequate bowel preparation can influence on AMR, comparison group will be necessary for the analysis. Lastly, although we included the initial colonoscopy finding as a variable for multivariate analysis based on the size, number, and histology, we could not analyze the influence of the shape of adenoma on AMR. Since there have been conflicting results regarding the association between AMR and polyp shape [17,35,36], further studies are needed. However, the main aim of this study is to identify the predictive factors associated with missed adenoma on repeat colonoscopy in patients with suboptimal bowel preparation at initial colonoscopy. If colonoscopy can reach cecum despite the poor bowel preparation, physicians have to consider a number of factors, including how soon the next colonoscopy should be performed and what clinical factors can affect the prevalence of missed adenoma at repeat colonoscopy. These situations are often encountered in the real clinical practice and we focused this issue. However, further studies comparing the AMR between subject groups according to the quality of bowel preparation are necessary to verify the negative effect of poor bowel preparation.
Despite these limitations, this is a large-scale study with detailed analysis of baseline characteristics of study subjects and colonoscopy. Our study was conducted at six tertiary university hospitals certified with high-level quality control for colonoscopy. A large number of patients with suboptimal bowel preparation on initial colonoscopy and reliable repeat examinations performed at the same institution were studied.
Conclusion
In conclusion, in patients with suboptimal bowel preparation on initial colonoscopy, dyslipidemia and high-risk adenoma on initial colonoscopy were significant predictors for missed advanced adenoma on repeat colonoscopy. Accordingly, we suggest that special attention is needed in patients with such predictive factors when deciding on colonoscopic surveillance strategy.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Characteristics of the repeat colonoscopy.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195709.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Adenoma miss rates according to the BBPS segment score at initial colonoscopy (N = 202).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195709.s002
(DOCX)
S3 Table. Clinical factors at initial colonoscopy predictive of high-risk adenoma of repeat colonoscopy.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195709.s003
(DOCX)
References
- 1. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Hankey BF, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366: 687–696. pmid:22356322
- 2. Manser CN, Bachmann LM, Brunner J, Hunold F, Bauerfeind P, Marbet UA. Colonoscopy screening markedly reduces the occurrence of colon carcinomas and carcinoma-related death: a closed cohort study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76: 110–117. pmid:22498179
- 3. Rex DK, Petrini JL, Baron TH, Chak A, Cohen J, Deal SE, et al. Quality indicators for colonoscopy. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;101: 873–885. pmid:16635231
- 4. Lebwohl B, Kastrinos F, Glick M, Rosenbaum AJ, Wang T, Neugut AI. The impact of suboptimal bowel preparation on adenoma miss rates and the factors associated with early repeat colonoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2011;73: 1207–1214. pmid:21481857
- 5. Kazarian ES, Carreira FS, Toribara NW, Denberg TD. Colonoscopy completion in a large safety net health care system. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6: 438–442. pmid:18304886
- 6. Rex DK, Imperiale TF, Latinovich DR, Bratcher LL. Impact of bowel preparation on efficiency and cost of colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97: 1696–1700. pmid:12135020
- 7. Hong SN, Sung IK, Kim JH, Choe WH, Kim BK, Ko SY, et al. The Effect of the Bowel Preparation Status on the Risk of Missing Polyp and Adenoma during Screening Colonoscopy: A Tandem Colonoscopic Study. Clin Endosc. 2012;45: 404–411. pmid:23251889
- 8. Cha JM. Colonoscopy Quality is the Answer for the Emerging Issue of Interval Cancer. Intest Res. 2014;12: 110–116. pmid:25349577
- 9. Lieberman DA, Rex DK, Winawer SJ, Giardiello FM, Johnson DA, Levin TR, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after screening and polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2012;143: 844–857. pmid:22763141
- 10. Chokshi RV, Hovis CE, Hollander T, Early DS, Wang JS. Prevalence of missed adenomas in patients with inadequate bowel preparation on screening colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75: 1197–1203. pmid:22381531
- 11. Sulz MC, Kroger A, Prakash M, Manser CN, Heinrich H, Misselwitz B. Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bowel Preparation on Adenoma Detection: Early Adenomas Affected Stronger than Advanced Adenomas. PLoS One. 2016;11: e0154149. pmid:27257916
- 12. Lai EJ, Calderwood AH, Doros G, Fix OK, Jacobson BC. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale: A valid and reliable instrument for colonoscopy-oriented research. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69: 620–625. pmid:19136102
- 13. Calderwood AH, Jacobson BC. Comprehensive validation of the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72: 686–692. pmid:20883845
- 14. Aronchick C, Lipshutz W, Wright S, DuFrayne F, Bergman G. Validation of an instrument to assess colon cleansing. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94: 2667.
- 15. Lieberman DA, Prindiville S, Weiss DG, Willett W, Group VACS. Risk factors for advanced colonic neoplasia and hyperplastic polyps in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA. 2003;290: 2959–2967. pmid:14665657
- 16. Heresbach D, Barrioz T, Lapalus MG, Coumaros D, Bauret P, Potier P, et al. Miss rate for colorectal neoplastic polyps: a prospective multicenter study of back-to-back video colonoscopies. Endoscopy. 2008;40: 284–290. pmid:18389446
- 17. Xiang L, Zhan Q, Zhao XH, Wang YD, An SL, Xu YZ, et al. Risk factors associated with missed colorectal flat adenoma: a multicenter retrospective tandem colonoscopy study. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20: 10927–10937. pmid:25152596
- 18. Cha JM, Kozarek RA, La Selva D, Gluck M, Ross A, Chiorean M, et al. Disparities in prevalence, location, and shape characteristics of colorectal neoplasia between South Korean and U.S. patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82: 1080–1086. pmid:26024585
- 19. Jover R, Zapater P, Bujanda L, Hernandez V, Cubiella J, Pellise M, et al. Endoscopist characteristics that influence the quality of colonoscopy. Endoscopy. 2016;48: 241–247. pmid:26845473
- 20. Corte CJ, Leong RW. Improving the utility of colonoscopy: Recent advances in practice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31: 32–44. pmid:26211821
- 21. Hancock KS, Mascarenhas R, Lieberman D. What Can We Do to Optimize Colonoscopy and How Effective Can We Be? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2016;18: 27. pmid:27098814
- 22. Singhal S, Virk MA, Momeni M, Krishnaiah M, Anand S. Impact of bowel preparation on surveillance colonoscopy interval. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49: 885–890. pmid:24902032
- 23. Azzoni C, Bottarelli L, Campanini N, Di Cola G, Bader G, Mazzeo A, et al. Distinct molecular patterns based on proximal and distal sporadic colorectal cancer: arguments for different mechanisms in the tumorigenesis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22: 115–126. pmid:17021745
- 24. Soetikno RM, Kaltenbach T, Rouse RV, Park W, Maheshwari A, Sato T, et al. Prevalence of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults. JAMA. 2008;299: 1027–1035. pmid:18319413
- 25. Aranda-Hernandez J, Hwang J, Kandel G. Seeing better—Evidence based recommendations on optimizing colonoscopy adenoma detection rate. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22: 1767–1778. pmid:26855536
- 26. Clark BT, Protiva P, Nagar A, Imaeda A, Ciarleglio MM, Deng Y, et al. Quantification of Adequate Bowel Preparation for Screening or Surveillance Colonoscopy in Men. Gastroenterology. 2016;150: 396–405; quiz e314-395. pmid:26439436
- 27. Kulling D, Christ AD, Karaaslan N, Fried M, Bauerfeind P. The presence of more than two index adenomas is the strongest predictor of metachronous colon adenomas. Swiss medical weekly. 2002;132: 139–142. pmid:12046004
- 28. Bertario L, Russo A, Sala P, Pizzetti P, Ballardini G, Andreola S, et al. Predictors of metachronous colorectal neoplasms in sporadic adenoma patients. Int J Cancer. 2003;105: 82–87. pmid:12672034
- 29. Fornasarig M, Valentini M, Poletti M, Carbone A, Bidoli E, Sozzi M, et al. Evaluation of the risk for metachronous colorectal neoplasms following intestinal polypectomy: a clinical, endoscopic and pathological study. Hepato-gastroenterology. 1997;45: 1565–1572.
- 30. Nagorni A. Metachronous colorectal tumors in patients with regular colonoscopic follow-examinations; 1999.
- 31. Kim NH, Park JH, Park DI, Sohn CI, Choi K, Jung YS. Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for adenoma occurrence at surveillance colonoscopy: A single-center experience in Korea. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95: e4454.
- 32. Giorgino F, Laviola L, Eriksson JW. Regional differences of insulin action in adipose tissue: insights from in vivo and in vitro studies. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005;183: 13–30. pmid:15654917
- 33. Joo YE. [What are the factors influencing the miss rate of polyps in a tandem colonoscopic study?]. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2014;64: 1–3. pmid:25219025
- 34. Yang PF, Wong SW. Adenoma Detection Rate in Colonoscopy: Is Indication a Predictor? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2016;26: 156–161. pmid:26813239
- 35. Kim NH, Jung YS, Jeong WS, Yang HJ, Park SK, Choi K, et al. Miss rate of colorectal neoplastic polyps and risk factors for missed polyps in consecutive colonoscopies. Intest Res. 2017;15: 411–418. pmid:28670239
- 36. Ahn SB, Han DS, Bae JH, Byun TJ, Kim JP, Eun CS. The Miss Rate for Colorectal Adenoma Determined by Quality-Adjusted, Back-to-Back Colonoscopies. Gut Liver. 2012;6: 64–70. pmid:22375173