http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5859-0336
Figures
Abstract
Background
The viral load (VL) in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the best predictor of treatment outcome. The anticipated benefits of VL monitoring depend on the actual uptake of VL test results for clinical decisions. The objective of this study was to assess the uptake and utilization of VL test results for clinical decisions on HIV treatment in Cameroon, from 2013 to 2017.
Methods
This was a retrospective cohort analysis of data from files of patients receiving ART at Buea, Limbe, Bamenda and Bafoussam regional hospital HIV treatment centers. A simple random pick of six file blocks was performed in each shelf that corresponded to a year of initiation, and the contents of all selected files were reviewed and the information needed for the study entered a structured questionnaire. The data collected was recorded in Epi Info (version 7.1.5.2), and analyzed using SATA (version 12.1; StataCorp LP).
Results
Eight hundred and thirty files were reviewed. The mean duration on ART was 39.4±12 months. Viral load testing uptake was 24.33% and only one VL test had been done by all patients. Approximately 65% of the patients did the first VL after more than 24 months on ART. The median turnaround (TAT) time for VL testing was 6 days (Interquartile range (IQR) 3-7days). Among 201 patients who did a VL test, 94.55% had VL suppression (≤1000copies/mm3). Approximately 54% of the patients with virologic failure were switched to a second-line regimen.
Conclusions
The uptake of viral load testing is low in North West, South West and West Regions of Cameroon. The current TAT for VL testing is plausible. The rate of switch to second line regimen is low. It is time to strengthen the scale up of VL testing and improve the rate of switch to second-line regimen in Cameroon.
Citation: Awungafac G, Amin ET, Fualefac A, Takah NF, Agyingi LA, Nwobegahay J, et al. (2018) Viral load testing and the use of test results for clinical decision making for HIV treatment in Cameroon: An insight into the clinic-laboratory interface. PLoS ONE 13(6): e0198686. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198686
Editor: Richard John Lessells, University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOUTH AFRICA
Received: October 31, 2017; Accepted: May 23, 2018; Published: June 11, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Awungafac et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Background
In December 2013, the Joint United Nation’s Program on HIV/AIDS put into action a ‘90-90-90’ strategy with the goal of bringing an end to the AIDS epidemic [1]. The third ‘90’ in the strategy will ensure that all people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) are virologically suppressed by 2020. This strategy requires countries to roll out, decentralize and sustain routine viral load (VL) monitoring of all people on ART.
In Cameroon, where the HIV epidemic remains generalized, with an estimated prevalence of 4.8% in 2014, and 660,000 people living with HIV (PLWH) [2], immunological testing of CD4 cell count has been the benchmark for ART monitoring. Before now, the situation of ART monitoring in Cameroon and several Sub-Saharan African countries contrasted with what obtains in HIV programs of developed countries where VL testing is routine [3,4]. Antiretroviral treatment outcome has been shown to be best predicted by consecutive measurements of the viral load (VL) [5]. Within a programmatic set up, virologic data provides useful information about the impact of ART: At the patient level, sustained VL suppression is shown to prevent the emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) [6–8]; decreased VL is associated with a reduction in HIV incidence at the population level [9,10] and VL data helps in patient monitoring [11–13].
In 2014, Cameroon adopted the 2013 World Health Organization’s recommendation of VL testing as a preferred approach for diagnosis and confirmation of ART failure [14,15]. However, until 2017, routine VL assessment of ART patients has not been part of a normal practice in the country [16]. A targeted VL testing strategy, however, has been implemented among treatment cohorts in specialized HIV treatment units in some regions including the North West, South West and the West where this study was conducted. Targeted VL testing can be offered to HIV ART patients who show persistently poor clinical and or immunological responses to ART despite evidence of good adherence [17]. Cross-sectional assessments conducted at the sites in North West and South West Regions have reported virologic failure (VF) (viral load >1000copies/ml) of 23.2% at 16 months [18], and 17.6% at 36 months [19] in clinics from Yaoundé.
New international guidelines recommend laboratory assessments of VL at 6 months, 12 months and thereafter every 12 months after beginning ART in settings where VL testing is available, and a discontinuation of CD4 cell count monitoring in ART stable patients [20]. These consolidated guidelines of the WHO have been adopted by the Cameroon ministry of public health (MOPH), and is beginning to prepare for the scale-up of routine VL monitoring [15]. A VL of more than 1000 HIV RNA copies/mL is an indication to intensify patient adherence counselling or to switch to more effective regimens. Studies have shown that the mortality rate of patients with VF who are switched to a second-line regimen is significantly lower than those not switched or when the switch is delayed [21]. In the face of the new guidelines, the anticipated benefits of VL monitoring will largely depend on the actual use of VL test results for clinical decision making and to successfully address the treatment options and needs of HIV infected individuals.
The availability of equipment, challenges in transportation of samples and test results, requisition of VL tests by clinicians and the readiness for a clinical decision upon results reception are potential barriers that can hinder the effective scale up of VL and render VL less economically beneficial. Data on possible barriers and challenges to the optimal uptake of VL testing and use of test results are needed to inform the operationalization of routine VL testing at the national scale. The availability of data on VL uptake in this era of expansion of VL testing will strengthen understanding on the clinic-laboratory interactions and serve as potential advocacy tools that could lead to improvement of the monitoring of ART.
The focus of this study was to assess the level of and determinants limiting the uptake and utilization of VL test results for clinical decisions on HIV treatment in Cameroon, from 2013 to 2017. The objectives were to i) assess coverage of routine VL testing among patients receiving ART in 3 regions of Cameroon ii) determine the turnaround time for VL testing iii) determine the rate of virologic suppression using the threshold of 1000copies /mL and iv) assess clinicians’ decisions following a VL test result.
Methods
Study design and setting
The study was a retrospective cohort analysis of data from files of patients receiving ART at regional HIV referral treatment centers. We purposively selected 3 neighboring regions of Cameroon with a comparatively high HIV burden and ART enrolment rate; South West, North West and West Regions for participation. According to a national report of 2015, the North West, South West and the West regions represented respectively 15%, 11% and 9% of the HIV patients on ART in Cameroon [22]. In the participating regions, targeted VL was usually conducted at the regional hospitals. In South West Region, data was collected at Limbe and Buea Regional Hospital treatment centres; in the North West at the Bamenda Regional Hospital and Bafoussam Regional Hospital in the West Region. Except for Bamenda and Bafoussam, dried blood spot (DBS) for viral load testing are normally collected at the treatment centers and ferried to central labs in Yaounde for continuation of the viral load testing process. At the time of the study, plasma samples were used for onsite VL testing in the Bamenda Regional Hospital while DBS specimen was collected from patients in Bafoussam Regional Hospital and transported to nearby Dschang for VL testing. Viral load test results followed a similar route for return to the facility.
Ethics statement
Ethical clearance was obtained from the National Ethics Committee of Research for Human Health (NECRHH) (No.2017/04/899). We ensured full compliance to the terms for implementation of the protocol as prescribed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB), and abided to the administrative procedures laid down by the Ministry of Health, Cameroon. Even though the NECRHH accepted a waiver for informed consent, we also applied and obtained a waiver of informed consent from the directors of the hospitals involved. No names or other information that could personally identify the patient was collected. We used a coding system whereby we established a combination of figures each patient record, to link clinic identification codes used at the treatment center to the codes assigned for each participant in the study.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Eligible files were those of people living with HIV (PLWH) who have been receiving ART for a minimum of 1.5 (i. e 18 months), aged >18 years and alive at the time of data abstraction. A 1.5 years limit was chosen because it gives us more information about VL testing recommendations which require that by 1.5 years, patients on ART should have received at least 2 VL assessments. During a preliminary assessment of the filing system at the treatment centres, we observed that there were more adults’ files. To avoid under-representation, we therefore did not consider participants less than 18 years. Files of patients transferred in or transferred out, including those of patients who were loss to follow up for more than a year were excluded.
Sampling and data collection
At the files rooms, the room keeper showed the data collector the order of arrangement of the files. In all the treatment centers this was organized by year, and within each year there was monthly separation of files based on the date of start of ART. In each of the yearly shelf, we did a simple random pick of six file blocks, each of which corresponded to files of all patients initiated into ART during the month. The sampling frame prepared in advance comprised of all monthly file blocks for a year of initiation for each of 2013, 2014 and 2015. For each year, the months were each given numeric codes. We then wrote down the code of each month on a tiny piece of paper and concealed it for six random picks from the twelve concealed codes. The file blocks of the month corresponding to the selected code were considered. A training on the sampling frame and the sampling and data collection was provided to 3 data collectors. All the files in each selected file block for the cohorts (patients ART-initiated) of 2013, 2014 and 2015 were reviewed. A structured questionnaire was developed on Epi Info version 7.0 to capture data on socio-demographic characteristics, treatment initiation, viral load testing and change of treatment regimen.
Data management and analysis
Analysis plan.
Data was analyzed using STATA (version 12.1; StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). In preparing our dataset for analysis, the original set, a Microsoft Excel sheet (exported from Epi Info), was converted into the necessary STATA (.dta) formats. Descriptive statistics was conducted for the socio-demographic characteristics, to assess uptake of viral load testing, frequency of treatment change and criteria for change of regimen. The output of descriptive statistics was presented using tables. Key definitions used during analysis are described in Table 1.
Results
Presentation of participants
Eight hundred and thirty files (830) were reviewed; 24.2%, 15.4%, 24.5% and 35.8% from Bamenda, Bafoussam, Buea and Limbe Regional Hospitals respectively. The median age of study participants was 40 years (IQR: 34.5–47.5 years). Approximately 65% of the study population were females and 55% were married. The median delay to begin ART following HIV diagnosis was 1 month (IQR: 1–5.5 months). More participants were enrolled into ART at WHO clinical stage 3 (36%) of HIV infection. The mean duration on ART was 39.4±12.90 months (Table 2).
The uptake of viral load testing
This is demonstrated in Table 3. Six patients (0.73%) had a viral load (VL) test done before starting ART. The uptake of VL testing after starting ART was 24.33% among the study population. No participant did more than one VL test during the time on ART. A VL test was more likely to be done by patients who have stayed longer on treatment [p(x2 trend) <0.0001]. The uptake of VL testing significantly improved with time [p(x2 trend) = 0.012]. The median turnaround (TAT) time for VL testing was 6 days (IQR: 3-7days). Viral load suppression was observed in 94.53% of patients who did a VL after starting ART.
Use of viral load results for clinical decision making, and limiting factors
Approximately 89% of the participants with VL suppression were continued on same ART regimen while 5/11 of ART patients with virologic failure were continued on same first-line ART regimen. Five of the 11 participants with virologic failure were switched to a second-line ART regimen while one person had a substitution in the initial ART regimen. Details of these and other criteria for decision making are shown in Table 4.
Discussion
The results of this study show that the current viral load testing uptake is very low in frequency and in the proportion of patients accessing a VL test at any given time during ART. The median turnaround time, from request of VL testing specimen to return of results, is 6 days. Viral load suppression is high in this study (94.5%) while only 5.5% of the patients had a virologic failure (VF). The proportion of treatment switch in the small number of patients with VF was inadequate. However, in the absence of clear national guidelines on VL monitoring during the time of the study, these findings should be interpreted with caution.
We learn from the study results that HIV infected individuals in these regions were beginning ART soon after diagnosis (IQR (time from diagnosis to start of ART): 1.5–5 months), which is a good thing. However, one would have expected a wider IQR because the immunologic criteria for ART enrolment have been in use during the time when most of the cohorts included in this study started ART. This finding has several implications. Firstly, some patients were initiated on ART at a high CD4 count. Secondly, it could be suggestive that some patients were often HIV-diagnosed clinically (contrary to voluntary testing) at low immunologic status and therefore enrolled into treatment and care earlier-this is possible considering the commitment of the government of Cameroon into campaigns against stigmatisation during the period from 2013 and beyond.
The overall and timely uptake of VL testing is very poor in this study. This was, however, improving with year of enrolment and duration on ART. It did not, however, fit into the recommendation of VL monitoring as none of the patients had done consecutive VL assessments for the duration on treatment. This finding of low access to VL testing is consistent with a global call for governments in resource-limited settings to commit politically and ensure scale up of viral load testing that align with the new guidelines for ART monitoring in the 21st century. There are several possible explanations to the low VL testing uptake in these centres. An obvious explanation would be the lack of laboratory infrastructure for VL testing at the treatment centres. It is also possible as anecdotal reports suggest that laboratory equipment is available but the laboratory lacks human capacity and the reagents to conduct VL testing. As VL remains the key predictor of treatment success or failure in ART, low VL testing rates provide limited information about success in the ART programs. In Cameroon, VL testing is still centralised for most of the treatment centres involved in this study and many other treatment centres within the primary health care structure. To raise hopes towards achieving the United Nation’s AIDS (UNAIDS) program’s target of 90% viral load suppression in the population, political commitment and other leverages are required to strengthen large scale VL testing.
A turnaround time (TAT) of 6 days (IQR: 3-7days) is plausible when compared with reports from Malawi, where only the pre-analytic period of VL testing was found to be up to 39 days in 2015 [23]. The pre-analytic and post-analytic phases for VL testing are expected to be relatively longer for these treatment centres, since VL samples and test results require distant shipments. New VL testing platforms such as point of care tests (POC) will greatly improve access and shrink the TAT. This good turnaround time, however, disconnects enormously from the uptake of timely VL testing; for instance, approximately 65% of the patients did a VL test after being 24 months on ART. An obvious reason for the disconnect could be the absence of an operational plan for routine VL testing at the time of the study in conjunction with the fact that VL testing was usually adhoc, and could be offered at the discretion of the clinician. It is also possible that VL request were selectively offered for patients with the economic potential to pay. In the absence of universal access to VL testing in a country, the cost of VL test could be beyond the ability of several patients to afford in a timely manner even when offered.
The anticipated benefit of a VL test result lies on the readiness for a clinical decision to switch the treatment regimen or maintain similar regimen with enhanced adherence counselling. It is unfair to judge a clinical decision to switch or substitute a treatment regimen without considering information on adherence by the patient. It is possible that a patient who poorly adheres to the first line ART regimen would equally not adhere to the second line even if they are switched based on VF without enhanced adherence counselling. The criteria that were used for substitutions of first line regimens like features of drug toxicity, as in previous studies [24], and worsening clinical state, also affect patient adherence to ART regimens [25]. However, non-adherence from the available information in this study was almost as high as the frequency of switch to the second line regimen. It is therefore not surprising that only closed to half of the patients in our sample with VF (54.5%) were switched to the second line. This rate is lower than the rate of switching that has been reported from Uganda at 24 months (65.0%) following a VF [21]. A study has also reported an association between poor adherence and switch to second-line regimen [26]. In addition to the behaviour of patients while receiving a specific regimen, the ability of care providers to take a clinical decision to switch also depends on the availability of second-line and even third-line ARV regimens.
The ministry of public health in Cameroon is presently making efforts with the support of many global health partnerships to ensure improved access to VL testing across all regions of Cameroon. The available conventional laboratories underway for full functionality will greatly support the achievement of the third ‘90’of the UNAIDS targets [1] in Cameroon. Strategic planning for implementation of VL cannot be overstated now when we want to push for an end to AIDS.
This is the first study from Cameroon that demonstrates the uptake and utilization of viral load test results for HIV patient management at a time when VL testing is the preferred laboratory monitoring strategy. The strength of this study lies in its large sample size, multi-site nature which to an extent attempts to paint a national picture about VL testing in Cameroon. We were limited in our findings of low VL testing rate which made it inappropriate to infer the information about switch of regimen, since only a small number of patients were failing treatment. This study did not explore the availability of second-line ARVs, which could give more clarity on factors limiting the switch to second-line regimen. We cannot also account for the quality of the data collected as the study design dictates. However, the large sample size improves the precision of our findings.
Conclusion
The uptake of viral load monitoring of ART in North West, South West and West Regions of Cameroon is inadequate. The turnaround time for VL testing is plausible. Adequacy of switch to second line regimen is low, but can be best exploited with larger number of patients testing for VL. Political action and other leverages is needed to strengthen the scale up of VL testing in Cameroon.
Supporting information
S1 Dataset. Viral load testing in three regions of Cameroon.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198686.s001
(ZIP)
Acknowledgments
We thank the staffs in the file rooms and the data collectors for assisting the data collection phase of this study. We acknowledge the Directors of Limbe, Buea, Bamenda and Bafoussam Regional Hospitals who assisted in providing the essential documents required for obtaining ethical clearance.
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