Figures
Abstract
The tail suspension test (TST) is widely recognized as a useful experimental paradigm for assessing antidepressant activity and depression-like behavior. We have previously identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 46 (Usp46) as a quantitative trait gene responsible for decreasing immobility time in the TST in mice. This Usp46 mutation has a 3-bp deletion coding for lysine in the open reading frame, and we indicated that Usp46 is implicated in the regulation of the GABAergic system. However, it is not known precisely how the immobile behavior is regulated by the GABAergic system. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether the immobility time is influenced by drugs affecting the action mediated by GABAA receptor using both 3-bp deleted (the Usp46 mutant) and null Usp46 (Usp46 KO) mice. Nitrazepam, an agonist at the benzodiazepine-binding site of the GABAA receptor, which potentiates the action of GABA, produced a dose-dependent increase in TST immobility time in the Usp46 mutant mice without affecting general behaviors. The Usp46 KO mice exhibited short immobility times comparable to the Usp46 mutant mice, which was also increased by nitrazepam administration. The effects of nitrazepam in the Usp46 mutant and KO mice were antagonized by flumazenil. These results indicate that the 3-bp deleted Usp46 mutation causes a loss-of-function phenotype, and that the GABAA receptor might participate in the regulation of TST immobility time.
Citation: Imai S, Mamiya T, Tsukada A, Sakai Y, Mouri A, Nabeshima T, et al. (2012) Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 46 (Usp46) Regulates Mouse Immobile Behavior in the Tail Suspension Test through the GABAergic System. PLoS ONE 7(6): e39084. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039084
Editor: Georges Chapouthier, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
Received: March 17, 2012; Accepted: May 18, 2012; Published: June 14, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Imai et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research, Takeda Science Foundation, Life Science Foundation of Japan to S.E., and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows to S.I. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The tail suspension test (TST) is widely used for assessing antidepressant activity and depression-like behavior. In this test, mice are subjected to the short-term, inescapable stress of being suspended by their tails. Under such a condition, mice rapidly adopt a characteristic immobile posture that has been named “behavioral despair” on the assumption that the mice have given up hope of escaping. Because antidepressant treatments decrease the immobility time, this test is frequently used for screening drugs for antidepressant activity [1], [2], [3], [4].
The CS mouse is an inbred strain originally established by crossing the NBC and SII strains (both now extinct) at Nagoya University in Japan. CS mice exhibit several distinct phenotypes of circadian behavioral rhythms and sleep properties. For example, CS mice show long free-running periods of over 24 hr (most inbred strains of mice exhibit free-running periods shorter than 24 hrs), spontaneous rhythm splitting and entrainment of circadian rhythms in response to a daily-restricted feeding schedule under constant darkness conditions [5], [6], [7], [8]. In general, abnormal rhythms and sleep patterns are believed to be associated with mental illness. Therefore, we characterized several behavioral phenotypes of CS mice and found that their immobility time in both TST and FST is extremely low (almost no immobility). To identify the gene responsible for this phenotype, we first performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) genetic analysis to map the responsible gene on a chromosome. Subsequently, we produced several congenic or subcongenic strains to narrow the QTL interval, and focused on a candidate gene. To determine the causative gene, we finally rescued the phenotype using bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice. Consequently, we identified Usp46 encoding ubiquitin-specific peptidase as one of the genes responsible for the short immobility time [9].
The Usp46 mutation that we identified has a 3-bp deletion coding for lysine in the open reading frame. This mutation shortened the duration of loss of righting reflex caused by muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist) administration, and reduced the muscimol-induced GABAA current in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. In addition, hippocampal expression of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase is decreased in mice with the Usp46 mutation [9]. Thus, this mutation appears to be implicated in the regulation of the GABAergic system. However, it is not yet known clear exactly how the immobile behavior is regulated by the GABAergic system. In addition, it is not clear whether this 3-bp deletion in Usp46 is a loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutation. Therefore, in the present study, we addressed these issues using the 3-bp deleted (designated as the Usp46 mutant mice) and the null Usp46 mice (the Usp46 KO mice).
Materials and Methods
Animals
We purchased C57BL/6J (B6) mice from CLEA Japan Inc. The animals were housed under a 12 hr light/dark cycle (LD 12:12, 7:00 on, 19:00 off) with free access to food and water in our animal facility, at a temperature maintained at approximately 24°C. Only male mice aged between 8 and12 weeks were used. For all experiments, the animals were treated in accordance with the guidelines issued by Nagoya University and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Meijo University.
Usp46 Mutant Mice
The Usp46 mutant mice were developed as congenic strains on a B6 genetic background using a marker-assisted breeding strategy. These mice (B6.CS-Ngu1053) contained chromosome 5 regions harboring the Usp46 of the CS mice [9].
Usp46 KO Mice
The Usp46 knockout (KO) mice (17-13906 Usp46 gene trapped mice, TG Resource Bank #6072) were descendants of the mouse strain generated by Trans Genic Inc. (Kumamoto, Japan) using the gene trap technique (Fig. 1) [10]. Because the original Usp46 KO mice were generated from B6 and CBA mice, these mice were backcrossed to B6 a minimum of 9 times in order to remove any possible phenotypic variations caused by a different genomic background. To determine their genotypes, ear biopsies were performed at 4 weeks of age for DNA detection using PCR. F1 heterozygous and B6 alleles were amplified using a neo primer pair: 5′-CTGAATGAACTGCAGGACGAG-3′ and 5′-GTCCAGATCATCCTGATCGAC-3′, and lox-SA primer pair: 5′-AGGTCGAGGGACCTATACCG-3′ and 5′-GAGGCCGCTTGTCCTCTTTG-3′. The F1 heterozygous mice were crossed between themselves to obtain the F2 generation: wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous. To determine their genotypes, FP3 primer 5′-ATAGACTCTGCTGTTTCTCCTATGCTCC-3′, RP1 primer 5′-AATGTTGAGGCAAAGCTGCCAAGCTCAC-3′, and SA6AS primer 5′-CCGGCTAAAACTTGAGACCT-3′ were used.
(A) Integration site of the pU-17 trap vector. The trap vector is inserted approximately 16 kbp downstream from exon 1. The trap vector contains a splice acceptor (SA), the β-galactosidase/neomycin-resistance fusion (β-geo) gene, a polyadeylation signal (pA) and pSP73 vector sequences [10]. The white arrows (FP3, RP1, and SA6AS) indicate the primers used for genotyping. (B) Genotyping by the polymerase chain reaction. DNA fragments of 772 bp from the wild type allele and 1.4 kbp from the inserted allele were amplified by the primer pairs FP3-RP1 and FP3-SA6AS, respectively. (C) Immobility time in wild-type (WT) and Usp46 KO mice (KO) in the tail suspension test (TST). The KO mice showed a significantly shorter immobility time than the WT mice in the TST. Data represent the mean + S.E.M. for 5–6 mice in each group. **P<0.01 (Student’s t-test).
Drugs
Nitrazepam (Wako) and flumazenil (SIGMA) were suspended in saline with 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose sodium (SIGMA). Nitrazepam (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally at a volume of 0.1 mL/10 g body weight 30 min before the open-field test (OFT) was conducted. Flumazenil (10 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously 5 min prior to nitrazepam treatment. Control animals received the same volume of vehicle (saline in 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose).
Open Field Test (OFT)
Before the behavioral test, mice were moved to the animal room adjacent to the test room, where their behaviors were assayed. The mice were kept there for 1 week under the same conditions as those before being moved. We assayed mice during the light phase (11:00–16:00) after at least a 2 hr adaptation to the test room. Each mouse was placed in the center of a gray plastic box (40×40×40 cm) with the floor divided into 64 compartments (5×5 cm each), and was allowed to freely explore for 5 min under 40 to 50-lx fluorescent light. During the test, the number of grooming, rearing, and climbing (standing on hind legs with forefeet on the wall) behaviors was scored. Because very few instances of rearing were observed, rearing and climbing were combined. After the OFT, the total distance of moving within the box was calculated using SMART software (version 2.0, Panlab, Spain). At the end of the test, the mouse was returned to its home cage, and all apparatus was cleaned with 70% ethanol.
Tail Suspension Test (TST)
Immediately after the OFT, TST was performed. The procedure for TST was the same as that used in our previous study [9]. Briefly, mice were suspended by their tails using an elastic band attached to the tails by adhesive tape, and the elastic band was hooked onto a horizontal rod. The distance between the tip of the nose of the mouse and the floor was approximately 20 cm. The mice were suspended for a period of 7 min, and the time spent immobile during the last 6 min of the 7 min was recorded for each individual, by an observer blinded to the genotype.
Northern Blot Analysis
Male mice were killed by decapitation and the brains were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until RNA extraction was conducted. Total RNA was extracted using TRIZol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) and quantified by absorbance at 260 nm (1 optical density unit = 40 µg RNA/mL). Total RNA (1 µg) was reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) using the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase and oligo(dT) primer. The cDNA was amplified by 45 cycles of PCR using mouse Usp46 specific primers (F514: 5′-AACACTATTGCGGACATCCTG-3′ and R1982: 5′-AAAGCCACGTTTCTGGAAAAT-3′). The PCR cycle consisted of 10 s of denaturation at 98°C, 30 s of annealing at 60°C, and 2 min of extension at 72°C. The amplified product was cloned into the pGEM-T easy™ plasmid vector and sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method using a BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems). The DNA fragments were used as probes for northern blot analyses. The location of these probes on the Usp46 cDNA is shown in Figure 2A. Total RNA samples were separated on 1% (w/v) agarose gel containing 2.2 M formaldehyde. The separated RNA samples were blotted onto a Hybond+ nylon membrane (GE Healthcare, BKM, UK) and hybridized to the mouse Usp46 cDNA probe labeled with [α-32P] dCTP. After hybridization, the membrane was washed sequentially in 2×SSC containing 0.1% SDS at 62°C for 30 min, 0.1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS at 62°C for 30 min twice. The amount of mRNA was determined by a Fuji BAS 2000 Bioimaging Analyzer (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan).
(A) Schematic diagram of cDNA and probes for Usp46. Probes A and B were used for the northern blot analysis. Black arrowhead indicates the EcoR1 site. F514 and R1982 are a primer pair for PCR. (B) Northern blot from brain total RNA hybridized with the mouse Usp46 cDNA probes A and B, labeled with [α-32P] dCTP. The blot was hybridized with a cDNA probe for S18 as an internal control (the middle panel). The bottom panel shows a photograph of an RNA gel, indicating that equivalent amounts of total RNA were used in each lane. (C) Relative values of Usp46 mRNA. PSL (Photo stimulated luminescence) was measured. Signals from the Usp46 KO mice (KO) were not detected (N.D.). The differences between the wild-type mice (WT) and the heterozygotic mice (H) were significant (**P<0.01, n = 6, Student’s t-test).
Results
Usp46 KO Mice
The trap vector was inserted into an intron of Usp46 approximately 16 kbp downstream from exon 1 (Fig. 1A). A PCR product of 772 bp was detected in the wild-type mice, but not in the KO mice. Instead, 1.4 kbp products were detected in the KO mice. In the heterozygous mice, as expected, both products were observed (Fig. 1B). To confirm the absence of Usp46 mRNA expression in the brains of the KO mice, we performed northern blot analysis. The results showed the absence, and approximately half the level of Usp46 mRNA in the brains of KO mice and heterozygous mice, respectively (Fig. 2B, C). We also confirmed that the KO mice showed significantly shorter immobility times than the wild-type mice in TST (Fig. 1C).
Dose-dependent Effects of Nitrazepam on TST Immobility Time in Usp46 Mutant Mice
Nitrazepam, an agonist of the benzodiazepine-binding site of GABAA receptors that causes an enhanced binding of GABA to these receptors, produced a dose-dependent increase in TST immobility times in the Usp46 mutant mice (Fdose (3,40) = 19.09, P<0.01; Fgenotype(1,40) = 73.56, P<0.01; Fdose×genotype(3,40) = 5.36, P<0.01; two-way ANOVA) (Fig. 3). However, such a dose-dependent increase was not apparent in the wild-type mice, although a significant difference between doses of 0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg was observed. Because nitrazepam is known to have sedative effects, we measured general behaviors in OFT. However, an administration of this drug did not affect general behaviors (total activity, frequency of climbing + rearing, and grooming for 5 min in OFT) (P>0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test) (Table 1), while nitrazepam affected TST immobility times in the Usp46 mutant mice.
Nitrazepam induces dose-dependent increases of TST immobility time in Usp46 mutant mice (MT). Data are expressed as mean + S.E.M. for 6 mice in each group. ##P<0.01 compared with the wild-type mice for each dose; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test).
Effects of co-administration of Nitrazepam and Flumazenil on TST Immobility Time in Usp46 Mutant and KO Mice
As seen in Fig. 3, nitrazepam (1 mg/kg) completely restored the immobility times to a level of wild-type in the Usp46 mutant mice. Therefore, we used this dose to ascertain whether the restored immobility time is blocked by flumazenil, an antagonist at the benzodiazepine-binding site of the GABAA receptor [11]. Prior to this test, we examined the effects of a single administration of flumazenil on TST immobility time and general behaviors (total activity, frequency of grooming, and climbing + rearing for 5 min in OFT) in both the Usp46 mutant (n = 6) and the wild-type mice (n = 6) (all mice used were naive), and found that there were no significant effects of flumazenil on these behaviors in both types of mice (data not shown).
To investigate whether the GABAA receptor is involved in the regulation of immobility time in TST, the antagonizing effects of flumazenil on the nitrazepam-induced increase of immobility time were examined. As a result, we observed that the enhanced TST immobility time elicited by nitrazepam was blocked by flumazenil in both Usp46 mutant and KO mice (Ftreatment (2,42) = 28.52, P<0.01; Fgenotype(2,42) = 35.35, P<0.01; Ftreatment×genotype(2,42) = 3.47, P<0.05; two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test; Fig. 4). Co-administration of these drugs had mild effects on total activity levels in wild-type mice, and on the frequency of rearing + climbing behavior in KO mice (Table 1).
Nitrazepam (1 mg/kg) causes a significant increase in immobility time in the TST, which was blocked by flumazenil (10 mg/kg) in both the Usp46 mutant (MT) and in the Usp46 KO mice (KO). In the wild-type mice (WT), no significant effects were observed with either single administration of nitrazepam, or co-administration of nitrazepam and flumazenil. Data are expressed as mean + S.E.M. for 5–6 mice in each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test).
Discussion
In the present study, we addressed 2 primary questions: (1) whether Usp46 KO mice show a similar phenotype to Usp46 (3-bp deleted) mutant mice in TST; and (2), whether the immobility time is regulated by the GABAergic system.
The KO mice with the insertion of the trap vector, which contains the β-galactosidase gene in the region between exon 1 and exon 2, did not express Usp46 within the brain. As shown in Fig. 1, Usp46 KO mice showed significantly shorter immobility time than wild-type mice. This phenotype in Usp46 KO mice was similar to Usp46 mutant mice (Fig. 3, 4) [9]. Additionally, we observed β-galactosidase expression by immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus, one of the brain regions that strongly expresses Usp46, in the KO mice (unpublished results). These results indicate that the 3-bp coding for lysine is important for USP46 deubiquitinating enzyme to be functionally active, and suggests that this mutation causes a loss-of-function phenotype. Indeed, recently, it has been reported that this 3-bp deletion decreases USP46 deubiquitinating enzyme activity [12].
Previously, we have reported that Usp46 is implicated in the regulation of the neuronal GABAergic system, based on results showing that the sensitivity to muscimol (a selective GABAA receptor agonist and a partial agonist for GABAC receptors) is attenuated in the muscimol-induced righting reflex and the muscimol-induced inhibitory current in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus of Usp46 mutant mice [9]. However, there is no direct evidence that attenuation of the GABAergic system alters immobile behavior in the TST. In this study, therefore, we addressed this issue and found that the TST immobility time was increased by nitrazepam in a dose-dependent manner in Usp46 mutant mice, as compared to the wild-type mice, in which the immobility time slightly increased only at the highest dose (Fig. 3). This attenuation was blocked by flumazenil in both the Usp46 mutant and in the KO mice (Fig. 4). Additionally, nitrazepam did not significantly change total activity levels, frequency of grooming, or climbing + rearing behaviors in the OFT (Table 1). Furthermore, it is known that a low dose of nitrazepam, which has no sedative effects, does not induce sleep in mice [13]. Additionally, there are some reports that the GABAergic system might be involved in the regulation of TST immobility time; the GABAA receptor α3 subunit was identified as a candidate gene affecting immobility time in the TST using QTL analysis [14], Gabra3 KO mice have exhibited low immobility times in FST [15], GABAA receptor α2 subunit KO mice have showed longer immobility times in the TST [16], and GABA transporter subtype 1 (GAT1) KO mice have showed shorter immobility times in both the TST and FST [17]. Further, it is reported that GAD65 (a 65-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase) KO mice exhibit decreased immobility times in the FST [18]. In addition, genetic analysis for immobility times in both TST and FST identified significant QTL on the chromosomal region that harbors the GABAA receptor subunit [19], [20]. Taken together, these results suggest that the decrease of immobility times in the TST as shown by our mice is regulated by an attenuation of the action of the GABAergic system produced by the Usp46 mutation.
It is not known how Usp46, which encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme, affects the GABAergic system. Recently, it has been reported that USP46 regulates the abundance of the glutamate receptor GLR-1 in the ventral nerve cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Because of the relatively high homology in amino acid sequences for USP46 between the mouse and C. elegans (60% identical), it is interesting to contemplate whether USP46 function similarly in mammalian species [21].
In summary, we have found that Usp46 KO mice show low TST immobility time which is similar to Usp46 mutant mice, and this immobile behavior is regulated by the GABAergic system. These Usp46 mutant and KO mice may be useful for understanding other impaired behaviors which are attributed to GABAergic alterations induced by Usp46 dysfunction in mice.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SE TM TN. Performed the experiments: SI AT YS. Analyzed the data: SI AT AM TM. Wrote the paper: SE SI.
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