Plant Soil Environ., 2021, 67(4):183-201 | DOI: 10.17221/544/2020-PSE

Biochar remediation of soil: linking biochar production with function in heavy metal contaminated soilsReview

A. Taraqqi-A-Kamal*,1, Christopher J. Atkinson2, Aimal Khan1, Kaikai Zhang1, Peng Sun1, Sharmin Akther1, Yanrong Zhang*,3
1 Schoolof Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
2 Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Kent, UK
3 Environmental Science Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,

The focus of this study is on the soil physicochemical, biological, and microbiological processes altered by biochar application to heavy metal (HM) contaminated soils. The aim is to highlight agronomical and environmental issues by which the restorative capacity of biochar might be developed. Literature shows biochar can induce soil remediation, however, it is unclear how soil processes are linked mechanistically to biochar production and if these processes can be manipulated to enhance soil remediation. The literature often fails to contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which biochar alters soil function. It is clear that factors such as biochar feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, application rate, and soil type are determinants in biochar soil functionality. These factors are developed to enhance our insight into production routes and the benefits of biochar in HM soil remediation. Despite a large number of studies of biochar in soils, there is little understanding of long-term effects, this is particularly true with respect to the use and need for reapplication in soil remediation.

Keywords: adsorption; toxic element; soil contamination; soil amelioration; soil pollutants; biochar function

Published: April 30, 2021  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Taraqqi-A-Kamal A, Atkinson CJ, Khan A, Zhang K, Sun P, Akther S, Zhang Y. Biochar remediation of soil: linking biochar production with function in heavy metal contaminated soils. Plant Soil Environ.. 2021;67(4):183-201. doi: 10.17221/544/2020-PSE.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abbas Z., Ali S., Rizwan M., Zaheer I.E., Malik A., Riaz M.A., Shahid M.R., Rehman M.Z. ur, Al-Wabel M.I. (2018): A critical review of mechanisms involved in the adsorption of organic and inorganic contaminants through biochar. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11: 1-23. Go to original source...
    2. Abdelhafez A.A., Li J., Abbas M.H.H. (2014): Feasibility of biochar manufactured from organic wastes on the stabilization of heavy metals in a metal smelter contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 117: 66-71. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Adriano D.C., Wenzel W.W., Vangronsveld J., Bolan N.S. (2004): Role of assisted natural remediation in environmental cleanup. Geoderma, 122: 121-142. Go to original source...
    4. Ahmad M., Rajapaksha A.U., Lim J.E., Zhang M., Bolan N., Mohan D., Vithanage M., Lee S.S., Ok Y.S. (2014): Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review. Chemosphere, 99: 19-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Ali A., Guo D., Zhang Y., Sun X., Jiang S., Guo Z., Huang H., Liang W., Li R., Zhang Z. (2017): Using bamboo biochar with compost for the stabilization and phytotoxicity reduction of heavy metals in mine-contaminated soils of China. Scientific Reports, 7: 1-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Amonette J.E., Joseph S. (2012): Characteristics of biochar: microchemical properties. In: Lehmann J., Joseph S. (eds): Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. London, Earthscan, 33-52.
    7. Arshad M., Khan A.H.A., Hussain I., Badar-uz-Zaman, Anees M., Iqbal M., Soja G., Linde C., Yousaf S. (2017): The reduction of chromium (VI) phytotoxicity and phytoavailability to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using biochar and bacteria. Applied Soil Ecology, 114: 90-98. Go to original source...
    8. Atkinson C.J. (2017): Using biomass waste in the remediation of degraded land. In: NexGen Technologies for Mining and Fuel Industries Vol II. New Delhi, Vigyan Bhawan, 1-8.
    9. Atkinson C.J. (2018): How good is the evidence that soil-applied biochar improves water-holding capacity? Soil Use and Management, 34: 177-186. Go to original source...
    10. Atkinson C.J., Fitzgerald J.D., Hipps N.A. (2010): Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant and Soil, 337: 1-18. Go to original source...
    11. Azarbad H., Nikliñska M., Laskowski R., van Straalen N.M., van Gestel C.A.M., Zhou J., He Z., Wen C., Röling W.F.M. (2015): Microbial community composition and functions are resilient to metal pollution along two forest soil gradients. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 91: 1-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Bååth E. (1989): Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial processes and populations (a review). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 47: 335-379. Go to original source...
    13. Baronti S., Alberti G., Vedove G.D., di Gennaro F., Fellet G., Genesio L., Miglietta F., Peressotti A., Vaccari F.P. (2010): The biochar option to improve plant yields: first results from some field and pot experiments in Italy. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 5: 3-11. Go to original source...
    14. Bastami K.D., Afkhami M., Mohammadizadeh M., Ehsanpour M., Chambari S., Aghaei S., Esmaeilzadeh M., Neyestani M.R., Lagzaee F., Baniamam M. (2015): Bioaccumulation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments and mullet Liza klunzingeri in the northern part of the persian gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 94: 329-334. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Bhadauria T., Saxena K.G. (2009): Role of earthworms in soil fertility maintenance through the production of biogenic structures. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2010: 1-7. Go to original source...
    16. Bian F., Zhong Z., Zhang X., Yang C., Gai X. (2020): Bamboo - an untapped plant resource for the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 246: 125750. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Boening D.W. (2000): Ecological effects, transport, and fate of mercury: a general review. Chemosphere, 40: 1335-1351. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Bogusz A., Oleszczuk P., Dobrowolski R. (2017): Adsorption and desorption of heavy metals by the sewage sludge and biochar-amended soil. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41: 1663-1674. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Bolan N., Kunhikrishnan A., Thangarajan R., Kumpiene J., Park J., Makino T., Kirkham M.B., Scheckel K. (2014): Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils - to mobilize or to immobilize? Journal of Hazardous Materials, 266: 141-166. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Brady N.C., Weil R.R. (2016): The Nature and Properties of Soils. 15th Edition. Essex, Pearson.
    21. Brennan A., Jiménez E.M., Puschenreiter M., Alburquerque J.A., Switzer C. (2014): Effects of biochar amendment on root traits and contaminant availability of maize plants in a copper and arsenic impacted soil. Plant and Soil, 379: 351-360. Go to original source...
    22. Campillo-Cora C., Conde-Cid M., Arias-Estévez M., Fernández-Calviño D., Alonso-Vega F. (2020): Specific adsorption of heavy metals in soils: individual and competitive experiments. Agronomy, 10: 1-21. Go to original source...
    23. Cao X., Harris W. (2010): Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Bioresource Technology, 101: 5222-5228. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Cao Y., Gao Y., Qi Y., Li J. (2018): Biochar-enhanced composts reduce the potential leaching of nutrients and heavy metals and suppress plant-parasitic nematodes in excessively fertilized cucumber soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 7589-7599. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Castracani C., Maienza A., Grasso D.A., Genesio L., Malcevschi A., Miglietta F., Vaccari F.P., Mori A. (2015): Biochar-macrofauna interplay: searching for new bioindicators. Science of the Total Environment, 536: 449-456. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Chan K.Y., Xu Z. (2009): Biochar: nutrient properties and their enhancement. In: Lehmann J., Joseph S. (eds): Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. London, Earthscan, 67-84.
    27. Chen L., He L.Y., Wang Q., Sheng X.F. (2016): Synergistic effects of plant growth-promoting Neorhizobium huautlense T1-17 and immobilizers on the growth and heavy metal accumulation of edible tissues of hot pepper. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 312: 123-131. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Chen T., Zhang Y., Wang H., Lu W., Zhou Z., Zhang Y., Ren L. (2014): Influence of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and heavy metal adsorptive performance of biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 164: 47-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Chen Y., Liu Y., Li Y., Wu Y., Chen Y., Zeng G., Zhang J., Li H. (2017): Influence of biochar on heavy metals and microbial community during composting of river sediment with agricultural wastes. Bioresource Technology, 243: 347-355. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Chen Z.L., Zhang J.Q., Huang L., Yuan Z.H., Li Z.J., Liu M.C. (2019): Removal of Cd and Pb with biochar made from dairy manure at low temperature. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18: 201-210. Go to original source...
    31. Cheng C., Han H., Wang Y., Wang R., He L., Sheng X. (2020): Biochar and metal-immobilizing Serratia liquefaciens CL-1 synergistically reduced metal accumulation in wheat grains in a metal-contaminated soil. Science of the Total Environment, 740: 139972. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Cheng C.H., Lehmann J., Engelhard M.H. (2008): Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72: 1598-1610. Go to original source...
    33. Cheng C.H., Lehmann J., Thies J.E., Burton S.D., Engelhard M.H. (2006): Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry, 37: 1477-1488. Go to original source...
    34. Cheng J., Li Y., Gao W., Chen Y., Pan W., Lee X., Tang Y. (2018a): Effects of biochar on Cd and Pb mobility and microbial community composition in a calcareous soil planted with tobacco. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 54: 373-383. Go to original source...
    35. Cheng Q., Li J., Li H., Song G., Zhang S. (2018b): Preparation of Coated Fertilizer Used for Improving Soil Polluted by Heavy Metal Comprises Preheating Fertilizer, Mixing Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate and Oil, Spraying to Fertilizer, Mixing Biochar with Earthworm Powder, Cooling, and Drying. China.
    36. Coomes O.T., Miltner B.C. (2017): Indigenous charcoal and biochar production: potential for soil improvement under shifting cultivation systems. Land Degradation and Development, 28: 811-821. Go to original source...
    37. Culliney T.W. (2013): Role of arthropods in maintaining soil fertility. Agriculture (Switzerland), 3: 629-659. Go to original source...
    38. Egene C.E., Van Poucke R., Ok Y.S., Meers E., Tack F.M.G. (2018): Impact of organic amendments (biochar, compost and peat) on Cd and Zn mobility and solubility in contaminated soil of the Campine region after three years. Science of the Total Environment, 626: 195-202. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Fellet G., Marchiol L., Delle Vedove G., Peressotti A. (2011): Application of biochar on mine tailings: effects and perspectives for land reclamation. Chemosphere, 83: 1262-1267. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Fischer S., Spielau T., Clemens S. (2017): Natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana Cd responses and the detection of quantitative trait loci affecting Cd tolerance. Scientific Reports, 7: 1-14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Fryda L., Visser R. (2015): Biochar for soil improvement: evaluation of biochar from gasification and slow pyrolysis. Agriculture, 5: 1076-1115. Go to original source...
    42. Gascó G., Álvarez M.L., Paz-Ferreiro J., Méndez A. (2019): Combining phytoextraction by Brassica napus and biochar amendment for the remediation of a mining soil in Riotinto (Spain). Chemosphere, 231: 562-570. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. G³±b T., Palmowska J., Zaleski T., Gondek K. (2016): Effect of biochar application on soil hydrological properties and physical quality of sandy soil. Geoderma, 281: 11-20. Go to original source...
    44. Gomez-Eyles J.L., Beesley L., Moreno-Jimenez E., Ghosh U., Sizmur T. (2013): The potential of biochar amendments to remediate contaminated soils. In: Ladygina N., Rineau F. (eds.): Biochar and Soil Biota. Florida, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 100-133.
    45. Gonzaga M.I.S., Matias M.I. de A.S., Andrade K.R., Jesus A.N. de, Cunha G. da C., Andrade R.S. de, Santos J.C. de J. (2020): Aged biochar changed copper availability and distribution among soil fractions and influenced corn seed germination in a copper-contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 240: 124828. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Guo M., Song W., Tian J. (2020): Biochar-facilitated soil remediation: mechanisms and efficacy variations. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.521512. Go to original source...
    47. Gwenzi W., Chaukura N., Mukome F.N.D., Machado S., Nyamasoka B. (2015): Biochar production and applications in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties. Journal of Environmental Management, 150: 250-261. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Hardie M., Clothier B., Bound S., Oliver G., Close D. (2014): Does biochar influence soil physical properties and soil water availability? Plant and Soil, 376: 347-361. Go to original source...
    49. Hayat R., Ali S., Amara U., Khalid R., Ahmed I. (2010): Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Annals of Microbiology, 60: 579-598. Go to original source...
    50. He E., Yang Y., Xu Z., Qiu H., Yang F., Peijnenburg W.J.G.M., Zhang W., Qiu R., Wang S. (2019a): Two years of aging influences the distribution and lability of metal(loid)s in a contaminated soil amended with different biochars. Science of the Total Environment, 673: 245-253. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. He L., Zhong H., Liu G., Dai Z., Brookes P.C., Xu J. (2019b): Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by biochar: mechanisms, potential risks and applications in China. Environmental Pollution, 252: 846-855. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Herath I., Kumarathilaka P., Navaratne A., Rajakaruna N., Vithanage M. (2014): Immobilization and phytotoxicity reduction of heavy metals in serpentine soil using biochar. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 15: 126-138. Go to original source...
    53. Huang D., Liu L., Zeng G., Xu P., Huang C., Deng L., Wang R., Wan J. (2017): The effects of rice straw biochar on indigenous microbial community and enzymes activity in heavy metal-contaminated sediment. Chemosphere, 174: 545-553. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Igalavithana A.D., Lee S.E., Lee Y.H., Tsang D.C.W., Rinklebe J., Kwon E.E., Ok Y.S. (2017): Heavy metal immobilization and microbial community abundance by vegetable waste and pine cone biochar of agricultural soils. Chemosphere, 174: 593-603. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Inyang M.I., Gao B., Yao Y., Xue Y., Zimmerman A., Mosa A., Pullammanappallil P., Ok Y.S., Cao X. (2016): A review of biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 46: 406-433. Go to original source...
    56. Janus A., Pelfrêne A., Heymans S., Deboffe C., Douay F., Waterlot C. (2015): Elaboration, characteristics and advantages of biochars for the management of contaminated soils with a specific overview on Miscanthus biochars. Journal of Environmental Management, 162: 275-289. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. Jun L., Wei H., Mo A.L., Juan N., Xie H.Y., Hu J.S., Zhu Y.H., Peng C.Y. (2020): Effect of lychee biochar on the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil using sunflower: A field experiment. Environmental Research, 188: 109886. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Kamran M., Malik Z., Parveen A., Zong Y., Abbasi G.H., Rafiq M.T., Shaaban M., Mustafa A., Bashir S., Rafay M., Mehmood S., Ali M. (2019): Biochar alleviates Cd phytotoxicity by minimizing bioavailability and oxidative stress in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) cultivated in Cd-polluted soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 250: 109500. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Karami N., Clemente R., Moreno-Jiménez E., Lepp N.W., Beesley L. (2011): Efficiency of green waste compost and biochar soil amendments for reducing lead and copper mobility and uptake to ryegrass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 191: 41-48. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    60. Kim H.S., Kim K.R., Kim H.J., Yoon J.H., Yang J.E., Ok Y.S., Owens G., Kim K.H. (2015): Effect of biochar on heavy metal immobilization and uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in agricultural soil. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74: 1249-1259. Go to original source...
    61. Koñczak M., Oleszczuk P. (2018): Application of biochar to sewage sludge reduces toxicity and improve organisms growth in sewage sludge-amended soil in long term field experiment. Science of the Total Environment, 625: 8-15. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Krull E.S. (2012): Characteristics of biochar: organo-chemical properties. In: Lehmann J., Joseph S. (eds.): Biochar for Environmental Management Science and Technology. London, Earthscan, 53-65.
    63. Kumar A., Joseph S., Tsechansky L., Schreiter I.J., Schüth C., Taherysoosavi S., Mitchell D.R.G., Graber E.R. (2020): Mechanistic evaluation of biochar potential for plant growth promotion and alleviation of chromium-induced phytotoxicity in Ficus elastica. Chemosphere, 243: 125332. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Kumar Y.K., Gupta N., Kumar A., Reece L.M., Singh N., Rezania S., Ahmad Khan S. (2018): Mechanistic understanding and holistic approach of phytoremediation: a review on application and future prospects. Ecological Engineering, 120: 274-298. Go to original source...
    65. Kumarathilaka P., Vithanage M. (2017): Influence of Gliricidia sepium biochar on attenuate perchlorate-induced heavy metal release in serpentine soil. Journal of Chemistry, 2017: 1-8. Go to original source...
    66. Lee J.W., Kidder M., Evans B.R., Paik S., Buchanan A.C., Garten C.T., Brown R.C. (2010): Characterization of biochars produced from cornstovers for soil amendment. Environmental Science and Technology, 44: 7970-7974. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. Lehmann J., Joseph S. (2012): Biochar for environmental management: science and technology. In: Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Washington, International Biochar Initiative, 416.
    68. Lehmann J., Rillig M.C., Thies J., Masiello C.A., Hockaday W.C., Crowley D. (2011): Biochar effects on soil biota - a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43: 1812-1836. Go to original source...
    69. Li J., Wang S.L., Zheng L., Chen D., Wu Z., Xie Y., Wu W., Niazi N.K., Ok Y.S., Rinklebe J., Wang H. (2019): Sorption of lead in soil amended with coconut fiber biochar: geochemical and spectroscopic investigations. Geoderma, 350: 52-60. Go to original source...
    70. Liang B., Lehmann J., Solomon D., Kinyangi J., Grossman J., O'Neill B., Skjemstad J.O., Thies J., Luizão F.J., Petersen J., Neves E.G. (2006): Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70: 1719-1730. Go to original source...
    71. Lin L., Li Z., Liu X., Qiu W., Song Z. (2019): Effects of Fe-Mn modified biochar composite treatment on the properties of As-polluted paddy soil. Environmental Pollution, 244: 600-607. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. Liu W., Wang S., Lin P., Sun H., Hou J., Zuo Q., Huo R. (2016): Response of CaCl2-extractable heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and microbial communities to biochar amendment in naturally contaminated soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16: 476-485. Go to original source...
    73. Lu P., Nuhfer N.T., Kelly S., Li Q., Konishi H., Elswick E., Zhu C. (2011): Lead coprecipitation with iron oxyhydroxide nano-particles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75: 4547-4561. Go to original source...
    74. Ma X. (2015): Method for Repairing Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil, Involves Selecting Heavy Metal Polluted Soil in Mining Area, Planting Castor in Soil and Applying Fertilizer in Soil Followed by Applying Biochar, Mixing, Aging and Placing Earthworms. China.
    75. Ma Y., Oliveira R.S., Freitas H., Zhang C. (2016): Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant-microbe-metal interactions: relevance for phytoremediation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 1-19. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Mandal S., Pu S., Adhikari S., Ma H., Kim D.H., Bai Y., Hou D. (2020): Progress and future prospects in biochar composites: application and reflection in the soil environment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 51: 219-271. Go to original source...
    77. Méndez A., Tarquis A.M., Saa-Requejo A., Guerrero F., Gascó G. (2013): Influence of pyrolysis temperature on composted sewage sludge biochar priming effect in a loamy soil. Chemosphere, 93: 668-676. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    78. Moreno-Barriga F., Díaz V., Acosta J.A., Muñoz M.Á., Faz Á., Zornoza R. (2017): Organic matter dynamics, soil aggregation and microbial biomass and activity in Technosols created with metalliferous mine residues, biochar and marble waste. Geoderma, 301: 19-29. Go to original source...
    79. Morillo E., Villaverde J. (2017): Advanced technologies for the remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils. Science of the Total Environment, 586: 576-597. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    80. Netherway P., Reichman S.M., Laidlaw M., Scheckel K., Pingitore N., Gascó G., Méndez A., Surapaneni A., Paz-Ferreiro J. (2019): Phosphorus-rich biochars can transform lead in an urban contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 48: 1091-1099. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    81. Nigam N., Khare P., Yadav V., Mishra D., Jain S., Karak T., Panja S., Tandon S. (2019): Biochar-mediated sequestration of Pb and Cd leads to enhanced productivity in Mentha arvensis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 172: 411-422. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. O'Connor D., Peng T., Li G., Wang S., Duan L., Mulder J., Cornelissen G., Cheng Z., Yang S., Hou D. (2018a): Sulfur-modified rice husk biochar: a green method for the remediation of mercury contaminated soil. Science of the Total Environment, 621: 819-826. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    83. O'Connor D., Peng T., Zhang J., Tsang D.C.W., Alessi D.S., Shen Z., Bolan N.S., Hou D. (2018b): Biochar application for the remediation of heavy metal polluted land: a review of in situ field trials. Science of the Total Environment, 619-620: 815-826. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Pan X., Gu Z., Chen W., Li Q. (2021): Preparation of biochar and biochar composites and their application in a Fenton-like process for wastewater decontamination: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 754: 142104. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Park J.H., Choppala G.K., Bolan N.S., Chung J.W., Chuasavathi T. (2011): Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant and Soil, 348: 439-451. Go to original source...
    86. Park J.H., Lee S.J., Lee M.E., Chung J.W. (2016): Comparison of heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soils amended with peat moss and peat moss-derived biochar. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, 18: 514-520. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    87. Peng J.S., Ding G., Meng S., Yi H.Y., Gong J.M. (2017): Enhanced metal tolerance correlates with heterotypic variation in SpMTL, a metallothionein-like protein from the hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola. Plant, Cell and Environment, 40: 1368-1378. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    88. Penido E.S., Martins G.C., Mendes T.B.M., Melo L.C.A., do Rosário Guimarães I., Guilherme L.R.G. (2019): Combining biochar and sewage sludge for immobilization of heavy metals in mining soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 172: 326-333. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    89. Porter S.K., Scheckel K.G., Impellitteri C.A., Ryan J.A. (2004): Toxic metals in the environment: thermodynamic considerations for possible immobilization strategies for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 495-604. Go to original source...
    90. Prendergast-Miller M.T., Duvall M., Sohi S.P. (2014): Biochar-root interactions are mediated by biochar nutrient content and impacts on soil nutrient availability. European Journal of Soil Science, 65: 173-185. Go to original source...
    91. Pukalchik M., Mercl F., Terekhova V., Tlusto¹ P. (2018): Biochar, wood ash and humic substances mitigating trace elements stress in contaminated sandy loam soil: evidence from an integrative approach. Chemosphere, 203: 228-238. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    92. Rajapaksha A.U., Chen S.S., Tsang D.C.W., Zhang M., Vithanage M., Mandal S., Gao B., Bolan N.S., Ok Y.S. (2016): Engineered/designer biochar for contaminant removal/immobilization from soil and water: potential and implication of biochar modification. Chemosphere, 148: 276-291. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    93. Rees F., Simonnot M.O., Morel J.L. (2014): Short-term effects of biochar on soil heavy metal mobility are controlled by intra-particle diffusion and soil pH increase. European Journal of Soil Science, 65: 149-161. Go to original source...
    94. Rinklebe J., Shaheen S.M., Frohne T. (2016): Amendment of biochar reduces the release of toxic elements under dynamic redox conditions in a contaminated floodplain soil. Chemosphere, 142: 41-47. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    95. Rizvi A., Khan M.S. (2017): Biotoxic impact of heavy metals on growth, oxidative stress and morphological changes in root structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and stress alleviation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CPSB1. Chemosphere, 185: 942-952. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    96. Rizwan M., Ali S., Qayyum M.F., Ibrahim M., Zia-ur-Rehman M., Abbas T., Ok Y.S. (2016): Mechanisms of biochar-mediated alleviation of toxicity of trace elements in plants: a critical review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23: 2230-2248. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    97. Rodriguez-Campos J., Dendooven L., Alvarez-Bernal D., ContrerasRamos S.M. (2014): Potential of earthworms to accelerate removal of organic contaminants from soil: a review. Applied Soil Ecology, 79: 10-25. Go to original source...
    98. Sakhiya A.K., Anand A., Kaushal P. (2020): Production, Activation, and Applications of Biochar in Recent Times. Singapore, Springer. Go to original source...
    99. Sanchez-Hernandez J.C. (2018): Biochar activation with exoenzymes induced by earthworms: a novel functional strategy for soil quality promotion. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 350: 136-143. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    100. Sanchez-Hernandez J.C., Cares X.A., Pérez M.A., del Pino J.N. (2019): Biochar increases pesticide-detoxifying carboxylesterases along earthworm burrows. Science of the Total Environment, 667: 761-768. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    101. Saxena G., Purchase D., Mulla S.I., Saratale G.D., Bharagava R.N. (2020): Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: ecoenvironmental concerns, field studies, sustainability issues, and future prospects. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 249: 71-131. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    102. Seneviratne M., Weerasundara L., Ok Y.S., Rinklebe J.J., Vithanage M. (2017): Phytotoxicity attenuation in Vigna radiata under heavy metal stress at the presence of biochar and N fixing bacteria. Journal of Environmental Management, 186: 293-300. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    103. Shen Z., Som A.M., Wang F., Jin F., McMillan O., Al-Tabbaa A. (2016): Long-term impact of biochar on the immobilisation of nickel (II) and zinc (II) and the revegetation of a contaminated site. Science of the Total Environment, 542: 771-776. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    104. Shen Z., Zhang Y., Jin F., McMillan O., Al-Tabbaa A. (2017): Qualitative and quantitative characterisation of adsorption mechanisms of lead on four biochars. Science of the Total Environment, 609: 1401-1410. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    105. Silvani L., Hjartardottir S., Bielská L., ©kulcová L., Cornelissen G., Nizzetto L., Hale S.E. (2019): Can polyethylene passive samplers predict polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) uptake by earthworms and turnips in a biochar amended soil? Science of the Total Environment, 662: 873-880. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    106. Singh J., Kalamdhad A.S. (2011): Effects of heavy metals on soil, plants, human health and aquatic life. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 1: 15-21.
    107. Song Y., Li Y., Zhang W., Wang F., Bian Y., Boughner L.A., Jiang X. (2016): Novel biochar-plant tandem approach for remediating hexachlorobenzene contaminated soils: proof-of-concept and new insight into the rhizosphere. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64: 5464-5471. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    108. Soudek P., Rodriguez Valseca I.M., Petrová ©., Song J., Vanìk T. (2017): Characteristics of different types of biochar and effects on the toxicity of heavy metals to germinating sorghum seeds. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 182: 157-165. Go to original source...
    109. Steiner C., Teixeira W.G., Lehmann J., Nehls T., De MacÊdo J.L.V., Blum W.E.H., Zech W. (2007): Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil, 291: 275-290. Go to original source...
    110. Sui F., Zuo J., Chen D., Li L., Pan G., Crowley D.E. (2018): Biochar effects on uptake of cadmium and lead by wheat in relation to annual precipitation: a 3-year field study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 3368-3377. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    111. Sun F., Lu S. (2014): Biochars improve aggregate stability, water retention, and pore-space properties of clayey soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 177: 26-33. Go to original source...
    112. Tan G., Sun W., Xu Y., Wang H., Xu N. (2016a): Sorption of mercury (II) and atrazine by biochar, modified biochars and biochar based activated carbon in aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology, 211: 727-735. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    113. Tan X.F., Liu Y.G., Gu Y.L., Xu Y., Zeng G.M., Hu X.J., Liu S.M., Wang X., Liu S.M., Li J. (2016b): Biochar-based nano-composites for the decontamination of wastewater: a review. Bioresource Technology, 212: 318-333. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    114. Tan X., Liu Y., Zeng G., Wang X., Hu X., Gu Y., Yang Z. (2015): Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere, 125: 70-85. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    115. Trompowsky P.M., De Melo Benites V., Madari B.E., Pimenta A.S., Hockaday W.C., Hatcher P.G. (2005): Characterization of humic like substances obtained by chemical oxidation of eucalyptus charcoal. Organic Geochemistry, 36: 1480-1489. Go to original source...
    116. Tu C., Wei J., Guan F., Liu Y., Sun Y., Luo Y. (2020): Biochar and bacteria inoculated biochar enhanced Cd and Cu immobilization and enzymatic activity in a polluted soil. Environment International, 137: 105576. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    117. Uchimiya M., Lima I.M., Thomas Klasson K., Chang S., Wartelle L.H., Rodgers J.E. (2010): Immobilization of heavy metal ions (Cu II, Cd II, Ni II, and Pb II) by broiler litter-derived biochars in water and soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58: 5538-5544. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    118. Uchimiya M., Wartelle L.H., Klasson K.T., Fortier C.A., Lima I.M. (2011): Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59: 2501-2510. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    119. Wang J., Shi L., Zhai L., Zhang H., Wang S., Zou J., Shen Z., Lian C., Chen Y. (2021): Analysis of the long-term effectiveness of biochar immobilization remediation on heavy metal contaminated soil and the potential environmental factors weakening the remediation effect: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 207: 111261. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    120. Wang M., Zhu Y., Cheng L., Andserson B., Zhao X., Wang D., Ding A. (2018a): Review on utilization of biochar for metal-contaminated soil and sediment remediation. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 63: 156-173. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    121. Wang S., Xu Y., Norbu N., Wang Z. (2018b): Remediation of biochar on heavy metal polluted soils. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 108, doi:10.1088/17551315/108/4/042113. Go to original source...
    122. Wang X.H., Luo W.W., Wang Q., He L.Y., Sheng X.F. (2018c): Metal(loid)resistant bacteria reduce wheat Cd and As uptake in metal(loid)-contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution, 241: 529-539. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    123. Wang Y., Gu K., Wang H., Shi B. (2019): Remediation of heavymetal-contaminated soils by biochar: a review. Environmental Geotechnics, 180091. Go to original source...
    124. Wang Y., Liu Y., Zhan W., Zheng K., Wang J., Zhang C., Chen R. (2020): Stabilization of heavy metal-contaminated soils by biochar: challenges and recommendations. Science of the Total Environment, 729: 139060. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    125. Wenzel W.W. (2009): Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soils. Plant and Soil, 321: 385-408. Go to original source...
    126. Xiong Z., Shihong Z., Haiping Y., Tao S., Yingquan C., Hanping C. (2013): Influence of NH3/CO2 modification on the characteristic of biochar and the CO2 capture. Bioenergy Research, 6: 1147-1153. Go to original source...
    127. Xu P., Sun C.X., Ye X.Z., Xiao W.D., Zhang Q., Wang Q. (2016): The effect of biochar and crop straws on heavy metal bioavailability and plant accumulation in a Cd and Pb polluted soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 132: 94-100. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    128. Xu Y., Seshadri B., Sarkar B., Wang H., Rumpel C., Sparks D., Farrell M., Hall T., Yang X., Bolan N. (2018): Biochar modulates heavy metal toxicity and improves microbial carbon use efficiency in soil. Science of the Total Environment, 621: 148-159. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    129. Yang J., Chen Z., Wu S., Cui Y., Zhang L., Dong H., Yang C., Li C. (2015): Overexpression of the Tamarix hispida ThMT3 gene increases copper tolerance and adventitious root induction in Salix matsudana Koidz. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 121: 469-479. Go to original source...
    130. Yang X., Liu J., McGrouther K., Huang H., Lu K., Guo X., He L., Lin X., Che L., Ye Z., Wang H. (2016): Effect of biochar on the extractability of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and enzyme activity in soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23: 974-984. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    131. Yu H., Zou W., Chen J., Chen H., Yu Z., Huang J., Tang H., Wei X., Gao B. (2019): Biochar amendment improves crop production in problem soils: a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 232: 8-21. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    132. Yuan H., Lu T., Zhao D., Huang H., Noriyuki K., Chen Y. (2013): Influence of temperature on product distribution and biochar properties by municipal sludge pyrolysis. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 15: 357-361. Go to original source...
    133. Zhang D., Lu L., Lü T., Jin M., Lin J., Liu X., Zhao H. (2018a): Application of a rice husk-derived biochar in soil immobilization of iodide (I-) and iodate (IO3-). Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18: 1540-1547. Go to original source...
    134. Zhang G., Guo X., Zhu Y., Liu X., Han Z., Sun K., Ji L., He Q., Han L. (2018b): The effects of different biochars on microbial quantity, microbial community shift, enzyme activity, and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Geoderma, 328: 100-108. Go to original source...
    135. Zhang H., Yuan X., Xiong T., Wang H., Jiang L. (2020a): Bioremediation of co-contaminated soil with heavy metals and pesticides: influence factors, mechanisms and evaluation methods. Chemical Engineering Journal, 398: 125657. Go to original source...
    136. Zhang K., Sun P., Faye M.C.A.S., Zhang Y. (2018c): Characterization of biochar derived from rice husks and its potential in chlorobenzene degradation. Carbon, 130: 730-740. Go to original source...
    137. Zhang M., Wang J., Bai S.H., Zhang Y., Teng Y., Xu Z. (2019): Assisted phytoremediation of a co-contaminated soil with biochar amendment: contaminant removals and bacterial community properties. Geoderma, 348: 115-123. Go to original source...
    138. Zhang R.H., Li Z.G., Liu X.D., Wang B.C., Zhou G.L., Huang X.X., Lin C.F., Wang A.H., Brooks M. (2017): Immobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in greenhouse soils amended with rice straw-derived biochar. Ecological Engineering, 98: 183-188. Go to original source...
    139. Zhang Y., Chen Z., Xu W., Liao Q., Zhang H., Hao S., Chen S. (2020b): Pyrolysis of various phytoremediation residues for biochars: chemical forms and environmental risk of Cd in biochar. Bioresource Technology, 299: 122581. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    140. Zhao L., Cao X., Zheng W., Scott J.W., Sharma B.K., Chen X. (2016): Copyrolysis of biomass with phosphate fertilizers to improve biochar carbon retention, slow nutrient release, and stabilize heavy metals in soil. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 4: 1630-1636. Go to original source...
    141. Zhou D., Liu D., Gao F., Li M., Luo X. (2017): Effects of biocharderived sewage sludge on heavy metal adsorption and immobilization in soils. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14: 1-15. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    142. Zhu Q., Wu J., Wang L., Yang G., Zhang X. (2015): Effect of biochar on heavy metal speciation of paddy soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 226: 1-10. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content