Abstract
The peptide hormone angiotensin II is well established to play an endocrine role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. In addition to its hemodynamic function, recent studies have shown that numerous tissues and organs contain their own locally generated angiotensin products (angiotensin II, III, IV and Ang 1-7) and they exhibit their respective activities. Such an intrinsic angiotensin-generating system renders to specific tissue function of our body, frequently via the regulatory mechanism of a paracrine, autocrine or intracrine manner. These tissues and organs include, to name but a few, the brain, bone marrow, adipose, epididymis, carotid body, liver, and pancreas. This local system has been shown to be responsive to various stimuli of physiological and pathophysiological importance. Moreover, the locally generated angiotensin peptides have multiple and novel actions including cell growth, anti-proliferation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation, hormonal secretion, pro-inflammatory, and pro-fibrogenic actions, as well as vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Notwithstanding the emerging roles of angiotensin II in various tissues and organs, the physiological significance and ultimately the clinical relevance remain largely undefined. Future target for these new functions by making use of specific renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor blockers either in mono-therapy or in combination, could be of clinical importance. The current review is to focus on some of the new functions arising from the locally formed angiotensin II in tissues and organs, with particular attention to its emerging roles in the liver and the pancreas.
Keywords: renin angiotensin system, at2 receptor, angiotensinogen
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Title: The Peptide Hormone Angiotensin II: Its New Functions in Tissues and Organs
Volume: 5 Issue: 4
Author(s): Po Sing Leung
Affiliation:
Keywords: renin angiotensin system, at2 receptor, angiotensinogen
Abstract: The peptide hormone angiotensin II is well established to play an endocrine role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. In addition to its hemodynamic function, recent studies have shown that numerous tissues and organs contain their own locally generated angiotensin products (angiotensin II, III, IV and Ang 1-7) and they exhibit their respective activities. Such an intrinsic angiotensin-generating system renders to specific tissue function of our body, frequently via the regulatory mechanism of a paracrine, autocrine or intracrine manner. These tissues and organs include, to name but a few, the brain, bone marrow, adipose, epididymis, carotid body, liver, and pancreas. This local system has been shown to be responsive to various stimuli of physiological and pathophysiological importance. Moreover, the locally generated angiotensin peptides have multiple and novel actions including cell growth, anti-proliferation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation, hormonal secretion, pro-inflammatory, and pro-fibrogenic actions, as well as vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Notwithstanding the emerging roles of angiotensin II in various tissues and organs, the physiological significance and ultimately the clinical relevance remain largely undefined. Future target for these new functions by making use of specific renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor blockers either in mono-therapy or in combination, could be of clinical importance. The current review is to focus on some of the new functions arising from the locally formed angiotensin II in tissues and organs, with particular attention to its emerging roles in the liver and the pancreas.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Leung Sing Po, The Peptide Hormone Angiotensin II: Its New Functions in Tissues and Organs, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2004; 5 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203043379693
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203043379693 |
Print ISSN 1389-2037 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5550 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancements in Proteomic and Peptidomic Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy: Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment
The scope of this thematic issue centers on the integration of proteomic and peptidomic technologies into the field of cancer immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on exploring the tumor immune microenvironment. This issue aims to gather contributions that illustrate the application of these advanced methodologies in unveiling the complex interplay ...read more
Artificial Intelligence for Protein Research
Protein research, essential for understanding biological processes and creating therapeutics, faces challenges due to the intricate nature of protein structures and functions. Traditional methods are limited in exploring the vast protein sequence space efficiently. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer promising solutions by improving predictions and speeding up ...read more
Nutrition and Metabolism in Musculoskeletal Diseases
The musculoskeletal system consists mainly of cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and ligaments. Balanced metabolism is of vital importance for the homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system. A series of musculoskeletal diseases (for example, sarcopenia, osteoporosis) are resulted from the dysregulated metabolism of the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, metabolic diseases (such ...read more
Protein Folding, Aggregation and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
Protein folding, misfolding and aggregation remain one of the main problems of interdisciplinary science not only because many questions are still open, but also because they are important from the point of view of practical application. Protein aggregation and formation of fibrillar structures, for example, is a hallmark of a ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Effects of Thiazolidinediones on Coronary Artery Disease: Review
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Signaling Abnormalities in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus as Potential Drug Targets
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Update
Current Cardiology Reviews Epigenetic Modifications Associated with the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Curcumin as an Adjuvant to Breast Cancer Treatment
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Role of Connexins and Pannexins in Ischemic Stroke
Current Medicinal Chemistry In Situ Gels Based Drug Delivery Systems
Current Drug Therapy Metabolic Programming Nowadays (or Perhaps Now and then?)
Current Nutrition & Food Science Gemini Analogs of Vitamin D
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Microbubbles Contrast Agents: General Overview as Diagnostics and Therapeutic Agent
Current Drug Targets Disposition of Drugs of Abuse and Their Metabolites in Wastewater as a Method of the Estimation of Drug Consumption
Current Drug Metabolism Effects of Antioxidant Polyphenols on TNF-Alpha-Related Diseases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Islet-Brain (IB)/JNK-Interacting Proteins (JIPs): Future Targets for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases?
Current Neurovascular Research Fatty Acids and Effects on In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Liver Steatosis
Current Medicinal Chemistry Fgf10: A Paracrine-Signaling Molecule in Development, Disease, and Regenerative Medicine
Current Molecular Medicine Gene Delivery System: A Developing Arena of Study for the New Era of Medicine
Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences Passive and Iontophoretic Permeation of Glipizide Gel: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Current Drug Delivery Electron Spin Resonance as a Powerful Tool for Studying Antioxidants and Radicals
Current Medicinal Chemistry Role of Estrogen Receptors and GPR30/GPER in Glucose Homeostasis
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells in Trauma and Orthopaedics: A Review of the Current Trend
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy