Abstract
Several different classes of compounds enhance the potency of aminergic receptor ligands three-fold or more and increase their duration of activity up to ten-fold. These enhancers include the vitamins ascorbic acid and folic acid, chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, corticosteroids, and opioids, opiates and opiate antagonists. We have previously demonstrated that all of these classes of enhancers share a common molecular motif consisting of a linear array of two hydroxyls and a carbonyl. We demonstrate here that because of this common molecular motif, all compounds known to enhance aminergic receptor ligands bind to highly conserved regions of the first or second extracellular loops of aminergic receptors at physiologically or pharmacologically relevant concentrations. These compounds also bind directly to aminergic ligands with significant specificity and affinity. These results suggest three very simple, complementary methods for screening for novel extracellular aminergic receptor enhancers: 1) in silico screening for the presence of the common aminergic receptor enhancer motif; 2) screening for binding to the aminergic ligand of choice; and 3) screening for binding to receptor peptides representing the enhancer binding site on the receptor. Using these three complementary methods, we predict a new class of enhancers (tartaric acids) and demonstrate the predicted enhancement in an in vitro smooth muscle assay.
Keywords: Ascorbate, enhancers, epinephrine, fade, norepinephrine, tachyphylaxis, tartrate.
Current Drug Discovery Technologies
Title:Tartaric Acid Enhances Adrenergic Receptor Activity: Test of a General Theory of Extracellular Aminergic GPCR Enhancer Discovery
Volume: 11 Issue: 4
Author(s): Robert Root-Bernstein, Jenna Fewins and Patrick F. Dillon
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ascorbate, enhancers, epinephrine, fade, norepinephrine, tachyphylaxis, tartrate.
Abstract: Several different classes of compounds enhance the potency of aminergic receptor ligands three-fold or more and increase their duration of activity up to ten-fold. These enhancers include the vitamins ascorbic acid and folic acid, chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, corticosteroids, and opioids, opiates and opiate antagonists. We have previously demonstrated that all of these classes of enhancers share a common molecular motif consisting of a linear array of two hydroxyls and a carbonyl. We demonstrate here that because of this common molecular motif, all compounds known to enhance aminergic receptor ligands bind to highly conserved regions of the first or second extracellular loops of aminergic receptors at physiologically or pharmacologically relevant concentrations. These compounds also bind directly to aminergic ligands with significant specificity and affinity. These results suggest three very simple, complementary methods for screening for novel extracellular aminergic receptor enhancers: 1) in silico screening for the presence of the common aminergic receptor enhancer motif; 2) screening for binding to the aminergic ligand of choice; and 3) screening for binding to receptor peptides representing the enhancer binding site on the receptor. Using these three complementary methods, we predict a new class of enhancers (tartaric acids) and demonstrate the predicted enhancement in an in vitro smooth muscle assay.
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Cite this article as:
Root-Bernstein Robert, Fewins Jenna and F. Dillon Patrick, Tartaric Acid Enhances Adrenergic Receptor Activity: Test of a General Theory of Extracellular Aminergic GPCR Enhancer Discovery, Current Drug Discovery Technologies 2014; 11 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016381104150507121846
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016381104150507121846 |
Print ISSN 1570-1638 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6220 |
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