Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle): Review on Its chemistry, morphology, ethno medical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities
Abstract
The oldest remedies identified to mankind are herbal medicines. India is recognized worldwide for its Ayurvedic treatment. India has rich history of using many plants for medicinal purposes. Remedial plants are cooperating extremely dynamic position in customary drugs for the action of a variety of illness. However a key obstacle, which has hindered the promotion in use of alternative medicines in the developed countries, is no evidence of documentation and absence of stringent quality control measures. There is a demand for the evidence of every investigate effort execute on conventional remedies in the appearance of certification. The purpose of current review is to make accessible up-to-date information on, botany, morphology, ecological biodiversity, therapeutic uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities on diverse parts of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (S. marianum). This review was assembled using technical literature from electronic search engine such as Springer link, Bio Med Central, Pub Med, Scopus, Science Direct, Scielo, Medline and Science domain. Supplementary texts were obtained from books, book chapters, dissertations, websites and other scientific publications. S. marianum a member of the Asteraceae family, is a tall herb with large prickly white veined green leaves and a reddish-purple flower that ends in sharp spines. It is native of the Mediterranean region and which has also spread in East Asia, Europe, Australia and America. Confident chemical constituents were exposed cognate as silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, silydianin, apigenin 7-O-β-(2″- O-α-rhamnosyl)galacturonide, kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnoside-7-O-β-galacturonide, apigenin 7-O-β-glucuronide, apigenin 7-O-β-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-β-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnoside, kaempferol, taxifolin and quercetin. The plant is exclusively used as anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolaemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and as an anti-oxidant. Seeds of the plant are also used as an anti-spasmodic, neuroprotective, anti-viral, immunomodulant, cardioprotective, demulcent and anti-haemorrhagic. The plant is also serves as a galactagogue, agent that induces milk secretion and used in the treatment of uterine disorders. The plant is employed in dissimilar conventional schemes of remedy in the cure of different illness.
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References
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5. Aiyelaagbe O, Antibacterial activity of Jatropa multifida roots. Fitoterapia 2001; 72: 544-546.
6. Prince L, Prabakaran P. Antifungal activity of medicinal plants against plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. Asian Journal of Plant Science Research 2011; 1: 84-87.
7. WHO, Quality control methods for herbal materials, Updated edition of Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials, 1998.
8. Rai VM, Pai VR, Kedilaya PH, Hegde S. Preliminary phytochemical screening of members of Lamiaceae family: Leucas linifolia, Coleus aromaticus and Pogestemon patchouli. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Review and Research 2013; 21(1): 131-137.
9. Lamaeswari G, Ananti T. Preliminary phytochemical screening and physicochemical characterization of Canna indica L.International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Review and Research 2012; 14: 76-79.
10. Karthikeyan A, Shanthi V, Nagasathaya A, Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial screening of crude extract of the leaf of Adhatoda vasica L. International Journal of Green Pharmaceae 2009; 3: 78-80.
11. Kingston DG. Modern natural products drug discovery and its relevance to biodiversity conservation. J Nat Prod 2011; 74:496-511.
12. Narayana DBA, Katayar CK, Brindavanam NB. Original system: search, research or research. IDMA Bull 1998; 29:413-6.
13. Hogan F, Krishnegowda N, Mikhailova M, Kahlenberg M. Flavonoid, silibinin inhibits proliferation and promotes cell-cycle arrest of human colon cancer. J Surg Res2007; 143:58-65.
14. Schuppan D, Jia J, Brinkhaus B, Hahn EG. Herbal products for liver diseases: A therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Hepatology 1999; 30:1099-1104.
15. Bisset N. Herbal Drugs and Pharmaceuticals. CRC Press Boca Ratan, London, 1994, 121-123.
16. Lee DY, Liu Y.Molecular structure and stereochemistry of silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B, isolated from Silybum marianum (milk thistle). J Nat Prod 2003; 66: 1171-1174.
17. Ladas EJ, Cheng B, Hughes D. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is associated with reductions in liver function tests (LFTs) in children undergoing therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Society of Integrative Oncology, Boston, Mass 2006.
18. Bhatia N, Zhao J, Wolf DM. Inhibition of human carcinoma cell growth and DNA synthesis by silibinin, an active constituent of milk thistle: comparison with silymarin. Cancer Lett 1999; 147: 77-84.
19. Duthie SJ, Johnson W, Dobson VL. The effect of dietary flavonoids on DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidised pyrimdines) and growth in human cells. Mutat Res 1997; 390: 141-151.
20. Allain H, Schück S, Lebreton S. Aminotransferase levels and silymarin in de novo tacrine-treated patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 181-185.
21. Hernandez R, Nazar E. Effect of silymarin in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Ethiopia 1982; 47: 22-29.
22. Greenlee H, Abascal K, Yarnell E, Ladas E. Clinical applications of Silybum marianum in oncology. Integr Cancer Ther 2007; 6: 158-165.
23. Eliss RH, Covell S, Roberts EH, Sumerfield RG. The influence of temperature on seed germination rate in grain legumes. II. Interspecific variation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at temperature. J Exp Bot 1986;37: 1503-1515.
24. http://www.zipcodezoo.com/Plants/S/Sylibum_marianum.
25. Patel CJ, Tyagi S, Kumar U, Patel S, Patel Ph, Bharat C. Clinical benefits of milk thistle (silybum marianum): a recent review. Journal of Drug Discovery and Therapeutics 2013; 1 (1): 08-11
26. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2, International Book Distributors, Dehradun, 2006, 1417-1418.
27. Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Silybum marianum (Carduus marianus). Fitoterapia. 1995; LXVI: 3-42.
28. Luper S. A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 1. Altern Med Rev 1998; 3:410-421.
29. Schuppan D, Jia JD, Brinkhaus B, et al. Herbal products for liver diseases: a therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Hepatology 1999; 30: 1099-1104.
30. Culpeper N. The English Physitian: Or an Astrologo-Physical Discourse of the Vulgar Herbs of This Nation. London: Peter Cole, 1652.
31. Giese LA. Complementary healthcare practices. Gastroenterol Nurs 2001; 24:38-40.
32. Libster M. Delmar′s integrative herb guide for nurses. Thamson Learning. 2002, pp: 669 -77.
33. British Pharmacopoeia. Herbal Drugs and Herbal Drug Preparations Milk-thistle Fruit. 2009, Volume III. pp: 7173.
34. Das SK, Mukherjee S and Vasudevan DM. Medicinal properties of milk thistle with special reference to silymarin an overview. Natural Product Radiance 2008; 7 (2): 182- 92.
35. Groves RH, Kaye PE Aust J Bot 1989; 37:351
36. Ghahreman A. Flora of IRAN. Research Institute of Forests Rangelands, Iran, 1999; pp: 587.
37. Wallace S, Vaughn K, Stewart BW, Viswanathan T, Clausen E, Nagarajan S, Carrier DJ. Milk Thistle Extracts Inhibit the Oxidation of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Subsequent Scavenger Receptor- Dependent Monocyte Adhesion. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56: 3966-72.
38. Cwalina-Ambroziak B, Wierzbowska J, Damszel M and eresa Bowszys T. The effect of mineral fertilization on achenes yield and fungal communities isolated from the stems of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner. Acta Sci Pol Hortorum Cultus 2012; 11 (4): 157- 68.
39. Andrzejewska J, Sadowska K, Mielcarek S. Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate. Industrial Crops and Products 2011; 33 (2): 462- 8.
40. Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Silybum marianum (Carduus marianus). Fitoterapia 1995; 66: 3- 42.
41. Carrier DJ, Crowe T, Sokhansanj S, Wahab J and Barl B. Milk thistle, Silybum marianum L. Gaertn., flower head development and associated marker compound profile. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 2002; 10: 65-74.
42. Montemurro P, Fracchiolla M and Lonigro A. Effects of Some Environmental Factors on Seed Germination and Spreading Potentials of Silybum marianum Gaertn. Ital J Agron. / Riv Agron 2007; 3: 315-20.
43. Abenavoli L, Spagnuolo R, Luppino I, Luzza F. Recent progress in medicinal plants. Spllc Press. 2010, pp: 387-409.
44. Azim Khan M, Blackshaw RE, Marwat KB. Biology of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and the management options for growers in North-Western Pakistan. Weed Biology and Management 2009; 9: 99-105.
45. Mel’nktov T M. Morphological-biological characteristics of Silybum marianum seeds as sowing material. Khimiko – Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal 1983; 17 (8): 958 - 63.
46. Ghavami N, Ramin AA. Salinity and temperature effects on seed germination of milk thistle. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 2007; 38: 2681-91.
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Porwal O, Mohammed Ameen MS, Anwer ET, Uthirapathy S, Ahamad J, Tahsin A. Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle): Review on Its chemistry, morphology, ethno medical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. JDDT [Internet]. 15Sep.2019 [cited 28Apr.2024];9(5):199-06. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/3666
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