Active and Passive Sport: Is it a Marriage of Convenience?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i2.3537Keywords:
Sports Practice, Sporting Event Attendance, Expenditure on Sport Activities.Abstract
This empirical paper studies the relationship between individual decisions regarding active and passive sport activities, using a survey conducted in the Spanish region of Navarra in 2007. Firstly, we estimate a bivariate Probit model and a multinomial Logit to analyze sports practice and sporting event attendance. Secondly, we apply a bivariate Tobit model to estimate the determinants of individual expenditures related to both activities. In both participation and expenditures, the results show a significant and positive correlation between active and passive sport activities after controlling for socio-demographic variables.
Downloads
References
ALONSO, J.; RUESGA, S.; SÁEZ; F. y VICENS, J. (1991): “Impacto económico del deporte en España”. Revista de Investigaciones y Documentación sobre las Ciencias de la Educación Física y el Deporte, 18, pp. 22-35.
BARBER, N. y HAVITZ, M.E. (2001): “Canadian participation rates in ten sport and fitness activities”. Journal of Sport Management, 15(1), pp. 51-76.
BENÍTEZ ROCHER, J. y LACOMBA ARIAS, B. (2012): “Los avances en la valoración económica del deporte en Europa”. Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 30(2), pp. 1-18.
BOSCH, J., CAPEL, L., COUGOULE; F., FERRARI, G., SIERA; D., y SOLANAS; S. (2012): “El peso económico del deporte en Cataluña en 2006”, Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 30(2), pp. 1-28.
BREUER, C.; HALLMANN, K.; WICKER, P. y FEILER, S. (2010): “Socio-economic patterns of sport demand and ageing”. European Revue Aging Physical Activity, 7, pp. 61-70.
BREUER, C. y WICKER, P. (2008): “Demographic and economic factors influencing inclusion in the German sport system. A microanalysis of the years 1985 to 2005”. European Journal for Sport and Society, 5(1), pp. 33-42.
BURNETT, J.; MENON, A. y SMART, D.T. (1993): “Sports marketing: a new ball game with new rules”. Journal of Advertising Research, 33(5), pp.21-35.
BYON, K.; ZHANG, J. y CONNAUGHTON, D. (2010): “Dimensions of general market demand associated with professional team sports: Development of a scale”. Sport Management Review, 13(2), pp. 142-157.
CAMERON, A.C. y TRIBEDI, P.K. (2009): Microeconometrics using Stata. Ed, Stata Press.
CANNON, T. y FORD, J. (2002): “Relationship of demographic and trip characteristics to visitor spending: an analysis of sports travel visitors across time”. Tourism Economics, 8(3), pp. 263-271.
CRAMER, J.S. (1991), The logit model: An introduction for economists. Ed, E. Arnold.
DAVIES, L. (2002): “Consumer’s expenditure on sport in the United Kingdom: Increased spending or underestimation?” Managing Leisure, 7, pp. 83-102.
DAWSON, P. y DOWNWARD, P.M. (2011): “Participation, Spectatorship and Media Coverage in Sport: Some initial insights”. En Andreff, W. (ed.): Contemporary Issues in Sports Economics, Participation and Professional Sports (pp. 15-42). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
DOWNWARD, P. (2007): “Exploring the economic choice to participate in sport: Results from the 2002 General Household Survey”. International Review of Applied Economics, 21, pp. 633-653.
DOWNWARD, P.; DAWSON, A. y DEJONGHE, T. (2009): Sports economics: theory, evidence and policy. Oxford: Elsevier.
DOWNWARD, P.; LERA-LÓPEZ, F. y RASCIUTE, S. (2011): “The Zero-inflated ordered probit approach to modelling sports participation”. Economic Modelling, 28, pp. 2469-2477.
DOWNWARD, P.; LERA-LÓPEZ, F. y RASCIUTE, S. (2012): “The economic analysis of sports participation”. En Robinson, Chelladurai, Bodet y Downward (eds), Routledge Handbook of Sport Management (pp.331-353). London: Routledge.
DOWNWARD, P. y RASCIUTE, S. (2010): “The relative demands for sports and leisure in England”. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(2), pp. 189- 214.
EBERTH, B. y SMITH, M. (2010): “Modelling the participation decision and duration of sporting activity in Scotland”. Economic Modelling, 27, pp. 822-834.
EUROPEAN FOOTBALL STATISTICS (2009): Historical attendances. http://www.european-football-statistics.co.uk. (Último acceso: Diciembre 2011).
FALTER, J. y PÉRIGNON, C. (2000): “Demand for football and intramatch winning probability: an essay on the glorious uncertainty of sports”. Applied Economics, 32, pp. 1757-1765.
FERNÁNDEZ, V. y PRIETO, J. (2001): Are live sports substitute of cultural consumption? Some evidence for the Spanish case. Porto: Vugata.
FRIDBERG, T. (2010): “Sport and exercise in Denmark, Scandinavia and Europe”. Sport in Society, 13(4), pp. 583-592.
GARCÍA, J. y RODRÍGUEZ, P. (2002): “The determinants of football match attendance revisited: Empirical evidence from the Spanish football league”. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(1), pp. 18-38.
GARCÍA, J. y RODRÍGUEZ, P. (2009): “Sports attendance: A survey of the literature 1973-2007”. Revista di Diritto Ed Economia Dello Sport, 5(2), pp. 111-151.
GARCÍA, J.; LERA-LÓPEZ, F. y SUÁREZ, M.J. (2011): “Estimation of a structural model of the determinants of the time spent on physical activity and sport: Evidence for Spain”. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(5), pp. 18-38.
GARCÍA, M. y LLOPIS, R. (2011): Ideal democrático y bienestar personal. Encuesta sobre los hábitos deportivos en España 2010. Madrid: CIS y Consejo Superior de Deportes.
HOVEMANN, G. y WICKER, P. (2009): “Determinants of sport participation in the European Union”. European Journal for Sport and Society, 6(1), pp. 51-59.
HUMPHREYS B. y RUSESKI, J.E. (2007): “Participation in physical activity and government spending on parks and recreation”. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25, pp. 538-552.
HUMPHREYS B., y RUSESKI, J.E. (2010): The economic choice of participation and time spent in physical activity and sport in Canada. Working Paper No 2010-14, Department of Economics, University of Alberta.
KOKOLAKAKIS, T.; LERA-LÓPEZ, F.y PANAGOULEAS, T. (2012): “Analysis of the determinants of sports participation in Spain and England”. Applied Economics, 44(21), pp. 2785-2798.
LAMB, L.L.; ASTURIAS, L.P.; ROBERTS, K. y BRODIE, D.A. (1992): “Sports participation -how much does it cost?”. Leisure Studies, 11(1), pp. 19-29.
LECHNER, M. (2009): “Long-run labour market and health effects of individual sports activities”. Journal of Health Economics, 28, pp. 839-854.
LERA-LÓPEZ, F. y RAPUN, M. (2005): “Sports participation versus consumer expenditure on sport: Different determinants and strategies in sports management”. European Sport Management Quarterly, 5(2), pp. 167-186.
LERA-LÓPEZ, F. y RAPÚN, M. (2007): “The demand for sport: Sport consumption and participation models”. Journal of Sport Management, 21, pp. 103-122.
LERA-LÓPEZ, F.; RAPÚN, M. y AGUIRRE, J. (2008): Análisis y evaluación económica de la participación deportiva en España. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
LERA-LÓPEZ, F.; RAPÚN, M. y SUÁREZ, M.J. (2011): “Determinants of individual consumption on sports attendance in Spain”. International Journal of Sport Finance, 6(3), pp. 204-221.
LINES, G. (2007): “The impact of media sport events on the active participation of young people and some implications for pedagogy”. Sport, Education and Society, 12, pp. 349-366.
LOYLAND, K. y RINGSTAD, V. (2009): “On the price and income sensitivity-of the demand for sports: Has Linder’s disease become more serious?”. Journal of Sports Economics, 10(6), pp. 601-616.
MONTGOMERY, S. y ROBINSON, M. (2010): “Empirical evidence of the effects of marriage on male and female attendance at sports and arts”. Social Science Quarterly, 9(1), pp. 99-116.
MUÑIZ, C.; RODRÍGUEZ, P. y SUÁREZ, M.J. (2011): “The allocation of time to sports and cultural activities: An analysis of individual decisions”. International Journal of Sport Finance, 6(3), pp. 245-264.
PAWLOWSKI, T. y BREUER, C. (2011): “The demand for sports and recreational services: Empirical evidence from Germany”. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(1), pp. 5-34.
PAWLOWSKI, T. y BREUER, C. (2012): “Expenditure elasticities of the demand for leisure services”. Applied Economics, 44(26), pp. 3461-3477.
SCHEERDER J. y VOS, S. (2011): “Social stratification in adults’ sports participation from a time-trend perspective. Results from a 40-year household study”. European Journal for Sport and Society, 8(1-2), pp. 31-44.
SCHEERDER, J.; VANREUSEL, B., y TAKS, M. (2005): “Stratification patterns of active sport involvement among adults: Social change and persistence”. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40 pp. 139-162.
SCHEERDER, J.; VOS, S. y TAKS, M. (2011): “Expenditure on sport apparel: Creating consumer profiles through interval regression modelling”. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(3), pp. 251-274.
SERRANO, J.A. (1999): “Prácticas y audiencias deportivas”. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 87, pp. 101-134.
SHAMIR, B. y RUSKIN, H. (1984): “Sports participation vs. sport spectatorship: Two modes of leisure behavior”. Journal of Leisure Research, 16, pp. 9-21.
SIGÜENZA, W. y MARIEL, P. (2012): “Determinantes de la pertenencia a entidades deportivas”. Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 30(2), pp. 1-22.
SLOAN, L.R. (1989): “The motives of sport fans”. En Goldstein J.H. (ed). Sports, games and play: Social and psychology viewpoints (pp. 175-240). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
STONE, G.P. (1971): “American sports: Play and display”. En Dunning, E. (ed.), The sociology of sport. (pp. 47-65). London: Frank Cass-Co.
TAKS, M.; RENSON, R. y VANREUSEL, B. (1995): “Social stratification in sport: a matter of money or taste?”. European Journal for Sport Management, 2(1), pp. 4-14.
TAKS, M.; RENSON, R. y VANREUSEL, B. (1999): “Consumer expenses in sport: a marketing tool for sports”. European Journal for Sport Management, 6(1), pp. 4-18.
TAKS, M. y SCHEERDER, J. (2006): “Youth sports participation styles and market segmentation profiles: Evidence and application”. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(2), pp. 85-121.
THRANE, C. (2001): “Sport spectatorship in Scandinavia. A class phenomenon?”. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 36, pp. 149-163.
VAN TUYCKOM, C.; SCHEERDER, J. y BRACKE, P. (2010): “Gender and age inequalities in regular sports participation: A cross-national study of 25 European countries”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(10), pp. 1077-1084.
WHITE P. y WILSON, B. (1999): “Distinctions in the stands: An investigation of Bourdieu´s habitus, socioeconomic status and sport spectatorship in Canada”. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 34, pp. 245-264.
WICKER, P.; BREUER, C., y PAWLOWSKI, T. (2009): “Promoting sport for all age-specific target groups. The impact of sport infrastructure”. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9, pp. 103-118.
WICKER, P.; BREUER, C. y PAWLOWSKI, T. (2010): “Are sports club members big spenders? Findings form sport specific analyses in Germany”. Sport Management Quarterly, 13, pp. 214-224.
WILSON, T.C. (2002): “The paradox of social class and sports involvement: The roles of cultural and economic capital”. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37(1), pp. 5-16.
WINFREE, J.; McCLUSKEY, J.; MITTELHAMMER; R. y FORT, R. (2004): “Location and attendance in major league baseball”. Applied Economics, 36819), pp. 2117-2124.
ZHANG, J.J.; LAM E.C.; BENNETT, G. y CONNAUGHTON, D.P. (2003): “Confirmatory factor analysis of the spectator decision making inventory”. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 7(2), pp. 57-70.
ZHANG, J.J.; SMITH, D.W.; PEASE D.G. y JAMBOR, E.A. (1997): “Negative influence of market competitors on the attendance of professional sport games: the case of a minor league hockey team”. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(3), pp. 31-40.
ZILMAN, D.; BRYANT, H. y SAPOLSKY, B.S. (1979): “The enjoyment of watching sport contests”. En Goldstein J. (ed.), Sports, games and play (pp. 297-335). New Jersey: L. Elbraum Assoc.
