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A comparative Study of Syrian Refugees in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan: Healthcare Access and Delivery

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 14, 448 - 464, 25.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.376351

Abstract

Refugees are usually a disadvantaged group
who is vulnerable to many disparities. They have many problems ranging from
education and health to employment, foreign language, exclusion in daily
economic and social life and more. One of the important problems is health
services which refugees urgently need. Their access to healthcare services
varies significantly, depending on the country of asylum. There are about 3,222,000 Syrian refugees living in
camps in Turkey (Districts or Satellite Cities) along the Turkish-Syrian
border, enrolled in the Turkish General Health Insurance Program, and
therefore they can be able to access free healthcare services. In Lebanon, the
numbers of Syrian refugees are about 1,001,051 and they are living in urban areas and informal tent
camps, with access to the primary care services. In Jordan, 79% of the
654,582 refugees are living in urban
areas or informal settlements with the access to the public healthcare
services. Given that most Syrians are of lower-middle income, 93% of the
primary care services with acute illnesses, and infectious diseases are offered
to the refugees - reflecting the challenges of displacement, crowding, and poor
living conditions and sanitation. The objective of this study is to compare the
healthcare access of Syrian refugees in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan -
neighboring countries affected by fleeing refugees. The study's ultimate goal
is to provide the appropriate framework and directions for governments,
clinicians, and public health providers about the necessary medical screening,
interventions and services for those refugees.

References

  • 2020, L. C. R. P.-., & http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php., a. o. h. w. L. g. l. a.
  • Akdağ, R. (2011). Turkey Health Transformation Program Evaluation Report (2003-2010). TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayını.
  • Akinci, F., Mollahaliloğlu, S., Gürsöz, H., & Öğücü, F. (2012). Assessment of the Turkish health care system reforms: A stakeholder analysis. Health Policy, 107(1), 21-30.
  • Aras, N. E. G., & Mencutek, Z. S. (2015). The international migration and foreign policy nexus: the case of Syrian refugee crisis and Turkey. Migration Letters, 12(3), 193.
  • Atun, R., Aydın, S., Chakraborty, S., Sümer, S., Aran, M., Gürol, I., . . . Ayar, B. (2013). Universal health coverage in Turkey: enhancement of equity. The Lancet, 382(9886), 65-99.
  • Atun, R., Aydın, S., Chakraborty, S., Sümer, S., Aran, M., Gürol, I., . . . Akdağ, R. (2013). Universal health coverage in Turkey: enhancement of equity. The Lancet, 382(9886), 65-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61051-X
  • Burgess, A. (2004). Health challenges for refugees and immigrants. Refugee Reports, 25(2), 1-3.
  • CONFLICT, A. Culture, Context and the Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Syrians.
  • Dadzie, G. M. (2017). Healthcare Accessibility for Syrian Refugees: Understanding Trends, Host Countries’ Responses and Impacts on Refugees’ Health. State University Of New York.
  • Doedens W, e. a., Reproductive Health Services for Syrian Refugees in Zaatri Refugee Camp and Irbid City, Jordan. 2013.
  • Doocy, S., et al., Syrian Refugee Health Access Survey in Jordan. 2014, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, World Health Organization, Jordan University for Science and Technology, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, , & Jordan., M. o. H. o. t. H. K. o.
  • Doocy, S., Lyles, E., Roberton, T., Akhu-Zaheya, L., Oweis, A., & Burnham, G. (2015). Prevalence and care-seeking for chronic diseases among Syrian refugees in Jordan. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1097.
  • El-Khatib, Z., Scales, D., Vearey, J., & Forsberg, B. C. (2013). Syrian refugees, between rocky crisis in Syria and hard inaccessibility to healthcare services in Lebanon and Jordan. Confl Health, 7(1), 18.
  • http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php.
  • http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/syria-emergency.html.
  • http://www.vdc-sy.info/index.php/en/martyrs/1/c29ydGJ5PWEua2lsbGVkX2RhdGV8c29ydGRpcj1ERVNDfGFwcHJvdmVkPXZpc2libGV8ZXh0cmFkaXNwbGF5PTB8Nz0lM0MxOHw=. https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/mission/emergencies/conflict/syria/infographic-syrian-children-under-siege/582.
  • Human Rights Watch. Death By Chemicals, T. S. G. s. W. a. S. U. o., & 978-1-6231-34693, C. W. M. I.
  • Joiner, T. E., Sachs-Ericsson, N. J., Wingate, L. R., Brown, J. S., Anestis, M. D., & Selby, E. A. (2007). Childhood physical and sexual abuse and lifetime number of suicide attempts: A persistent and theoretically important relationship. Behaviour research and therapy, 45(3), 539-547.
  • Kirişci, K. (2014). Syrian refugees and Turkey's challenges: Going beyond hospitality: Brookings Washington, DC.
  • Lydia de Leeuw (2015). The situation of older refugees and refugees with disabilities, i., and chronic diseases in the Syria crisis. Field Exchange 48, November 2014. p90. www.ennonline.net/fex/48/thesituation.
  • Masterson, A. R., Usta, J., Gupta, J., & Ettinger, A. S. (2014). Assessment of reproductive health and violence against women among displaced Syrians in Lebanon. BMC women's health, 14(1), 25.
  • Ministry of Health. (2010). Health Transformation Program in Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.saglik.gov.tr/EN/dosya/2-1251/h/healthtransformationprogrammeinturkey.pdf
  • OECD. (2014). OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Turkey 2014: OECD Publishing.
  • Ozaras, R., Leblebicioglu, H., Sunbul, M., Tabak, F., Balkan, I. I., Yemisen, M., . . . Ozturk, R. (2016). The Syrian conflict and infectious diseases. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 14(6), 547-555.
  • Rashad, H., & Zaky, H. (2014). A comparative analysis of fertility plateau in Egypt, Syria and Jordan: policy implications.
  • Save the Children, T. Y. t. W. T. g. p. o. c. m. a. S. g. i. J., Save the Children Fund: London, United Kingdom.
  • Services, U. S. D. o. H. a. H., Prevention, C. f. D. C. a., Diseases., N. C. f. E. a. Z. I., & Division of Global Migration and Quarantine SYRIAN REFUGEE HEALTH PROFILE. December 22.
  • Sirin, S. R., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2015). The educational and mental health needs of Syrian refugee children: Migration Policy Institute.
  • Tatar, M., Mollahaliloglu, S., Sahin, B., Aydın, S., Maresso, A., & Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2011). Health Systems in Transition. Health, 13(6).
  • Tekin, A., Karadag, H., Suleymanoglu, M., Tekin, M., Kayran, Y., Alpak, G., & Sar, V. (2016). Prevalence and gender differences in symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Iraqi Yazidis displaced into Turkey. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 7, 28556. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.28556
  • The World Bank. (2017). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=TUR
  • UNICEF. (2017). UNICEF Syria Crisis Situation Report August 2017 - Humanitarian Results. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/unicef-syria-crisis-situation-report-august-2017-humanitarian-results
  • USAID. Child, E., and Forced Marriage: United States Government's Response. 2014 [cited 2016 March 22]; Available from: https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/fact-sheets/child-early-and-forced-marriage-usg-response.
  • WHO warns of increased risk of disease epidemics in Syria and in neighbouring countries as summer approaches, J. A. a. h. w. e. w. i. p.-r.
  • World Development Indicators 2015. Washington, D. W. B., & http://www.worldbank.org, d.-L. C. C. A. C. B. I. A. a.
  • World Health Organization. (2012). Successful health system reforms: the case of Turkey. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization. (2013). Country Cooperation Strategy. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_tur_en.pdf

Türkiye, Lübnan ve Ürdün'de Bulunan Suriyeli Göçmenlerin Sağlık Hizmetlerine Erişimleri ve Hizmetlerin Sağlanması ile İlgili Karşılaştırmalı Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 14, 448 - 464, 25.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.376351

Abstract

Mülteciler genellikle birçok sıkıntılar ve sorunlara maruz kalan
dezavantajlı gruptur. Mülteciler, eğitim, sağlık, istihdam, yabancı dil,
ekonomik ve sosyal yaşamdan dışlanma ve birçok yönden sıkıntılarla karşı karşıya
kalmaktadırlar. Bunların en önemlisi ve acil olanı ise sağlık hizmetleridir.
Mülteciler sığındıkları ülkelerin farklı olan sağlık sistemlerine göre sağlığa
erişim imkânlarına sahip olmaktadırlar. Türkiye'de genel sağlık sigortası
sistemine kayıt yaptırmış olan hem kamplarda hem de kamp dışında toplam
3.222.000 Suriyeli mülteci yaşamaktadır. Kayıt yaptıran bu sayıdaki Suriyeli
mülteciler ücretsiz sağlık hizmetlerinden faydalanabilmektedirler. Lübnan'da,
Suriyeli mültecilerin sayısı aşağı yukarı 1.001.051 civarındadır. Lübnan'daki
Suriyeli mülteciler hem şehirlerde hem de kayıt dışı kurulan çadır kamplarda
birincil sağlık hizmetlerini ücretsiz alarak yaşamaktadırlar. Ürdün'de,
şehirlerde ve kayıt dışı yerleşim yerlerinde yaşayan 654.582 Suriyeli mültecinin
%79'u genel halk sağlığı hizmetlerine erişebilmektedirler. Suriyeli
mültecilerin çoğunun yer değiştirme sıkıntıları, kalabalık olmaları, kötü yaşam
ve sağlık koşullarında yaşamaları ve orta-alt seviyede gelire sahip oldukları
göz önünde bulundurulursa, akut şiddetli ve bulaşıcı hastalıklar da dâhil
birincil bakım hizmetlerinin %93'ünü almaktadırlar. Bu çalışma ile Suriyeli
göçmenlerin Suriye'nin komşu ülkeleri olan ve mülteci olarak gittikleri
Türkiye, Lübnan ve Ürdün'de almış oldukları sağlık hizmetlerinin
değerlendirilmesi ve karşılaştırılması yapılacaktır.  Bu çalışmanın nihai amacı, 3 ülkedeki
verilerden yola çıkarak mülteciler için gerekli tıbbi araştırma, müdahaleler ve
hizmetler hakkında hükümetler, klinikler ve kamu sağlığı hizmetlerini sağlayanlar
yönelik uygun bir çerçeve çıkarmak ve önerilerde bulunmak olacaktır.

References

  • 2020, L. C. R. P.-., & http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php., a. o. h. w. L. g. l. a.
  • Akdağ, R. (2011). Turkey Health Transformation Program Evaluation Report (2003-2010). TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayını.
  • Akinci, F., Mollahaliloğlu, S., Gürsöz, H., & Öğücü, F. (2012). Assessment of the Turkish health care system reforms: A stakeholder analysis. Health Policy, 107(1), 21-30.
  • Aras, N. E. G., & Mencutek, Z. S. (2015). The international migration and foreign policy nexus: the case of Syrian refugee crisis and Turkey. Migration Letters, 12(3), 193.
  • Atun, R., Aydın, S., Chakraborty, S., Sümer, S., Aran, M., Gürol, I., . . . Ayar, B. (2013). Universal health coverage in Turkey: enhancement of equity. The Lancet, 382(9886), 65-99.
  • Atun, R., Aydın, S., Chakraborty, S., Sümer, S., Aran, M., Gürol, I., . . . Akdağ, R. (2013). Universal health coverage in Turkey: enhancement of equity. The Lancet, 382(9886), 65-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61051-X
  • Burgess, A. (2004). Health challenges for refugees and immigrants. Refugee Reports, 25(2), 1-3.
  • CONFLICT, A. Culture, Context and the Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Syrians.
  • Dadzie, G. M. (2017). Healthcare Accessibility for Syrian Refugees: Understanding Trends, Host Countries’ Responses and Impacts on Refugees’ Health. State University Of New York.
  • Doedens W, e. a., Reproductive Health Services for Syrian Refugees in Zaatri Refugee Camp and Irbid City, Jordan. 2013.
  • Doocy, S., et al., Syrian Refugee Health Access Survey in Jordan. 2014, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, World Health Organization, Jordan University for Science and Technology, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, , & Jordan., M. o. H. o. t. H. K. o.
  • Doocy, S., Lyles, E., Roberton, T., Akhu-Zaheya, L., Oweis, A., & Burnham, G. (2015). Prevalence and care-seeking for chronic diseases among Syrian refugees in Jordan. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1097.
  • El-Khatib, Z., Scales, D., Vearey, J., & Forsberg, B. C. (2013). Syrian refugees, between rocky crisis in Syria and hard inaccessibility to healthcare services in Lebanon and Jordan. Confl Health, 7(1), 18.
  • http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php.
  • http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/syria-emergency.html.
  • http://www.vdc-sy.info/index.php/en/martyrs/1/c29ydGJ5PWEua2lsbGVkX2RhdGV8c29ydGRpcj1ERVNDfGFwcHJvdmVkPXZpc2libGV8ZXh0cmFkaXNwbGF5PTB8Nz0lM0MxOHw=. https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/mission/emergencies/conflict/syria/infographic-syrian-children-under-siege/582.
  • Human Rights Watch. Death By Chemicals, T. S. G. s. W. a. S. U. o., & 978-1-6231-34693, C. W. M. I.
  • Joiner, T. E., Sachs-Ericsson, N. J., Wingate, L. R., Brown, J. S., Anestis, M. D., & Selby, E. A. (2007). Childhood physical and sexual abuse and lifetime number of suicide attempts: A persistent and theoretically important relationship. Behaviour research and therapy, 45(3), 539-547.
  • Kirişci, K. (2014). Syrian refugees and Turkey's challenges: Going beyond hospitality: Brookings Washington, DC.
  • Lydia de Leeuw (2015). The situation of older refugees and refugees with disabilities, i., and chronic diseases in the Syria crisis. Field Exchange 48, November 2014. p90. www.ennonline.net/fex/48/thesituation.
  • Masterson, A. R., Usta, J., Gupta, J., & Ettinger, A. S. (2014). Assessment of reproductive health and violence against women among displaced Syrians in Lebanon. BMC women's health, 14(1), 25.
  • Ministry of Health. (2010). Health Transformation Program in Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.saglik.gov.tr/EN/dosya/2-1251/h/healthtransformationprogrammeinturkey.pdf
  • OECD. (2014). OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Turkey 2014: OECD Publishing.
  • Ozaras, R., Leblebicioglu, H., Sunbul, M., Tabak, F., Balkan, I. I., Yemisen, M., . . . Ozturk, R. (2016). The Syrian conflict and infectious diseases. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 14(6), 547-555.
  • Rashad, H., & Zaky, H. (2014). A comparative analysis of fertility plateau in Egypt, Syria and Jordan: policy implications.
  • Save the Children, T. Y. t. W. T. g. p. o. c. m. a. S. g. i. J., Save the Children Fund: London, United Kingdom.
  • Services, U. S. D. o. H. a. H., Prevention, C. f. D. C. a., Diseases., N. C. f. E. a. Z. I., & Division of Global Migration and Quarantine SYRIAN REFUGEE HEALTH PROFILE. December 22.
  • Sirin, S. R., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2015). The educational and mental health needs of Syrian refugee children: Migration Policy Institute.
  • Tatar, M., Mollahaliloglu, S., Sahin, B., Aydın, S., Maresso, A., & Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2011). Health Systems in Transition. Health, 13(6).
  • Tekin, A., Karadag, H., Suleymanoglu, M., Tekin, M., Kayran, Y., Alpak, G., & Sar, V. (2016). Prevalence and gender differences in symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Iraqi Yazidis displaced into Turkey. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 7, 28556. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.28556
  • The World Bank. (2017). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=TUR
  • UNICEF. (2017). UNICEF Syria Crisis Situation Report August 2017 - Humanitarian Results. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/unicef-syria-crisis-situation-report-august-2017-humanitarian-results
  • USAID. Child, E., and Forced Marriage: United States Government's Response. 2014 [cited 2016 March 22]; Available from: https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/fact-sheets/child-early-and-forced-marriage-usg-response.
  • WHO warns of increased risk of disease epidemics in Syria and in neighbouring countries as summer approaches, J. A. a. h. w. e. w. i. p.-r.
  • World Development Indicators 2015. Washington, D. W. B., & http://www.worldbank.org, d.-L. C. C. A. C. B. I. A. a.
  • World Health Organization. (2012). Successful health system reforms: the case of Turkey. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization. (2013). Country Cooperation Strategy. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_tur_en.pdf
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayman Saleh This is me

Serdar Aydin This is me

Orhan Koçak

Publication Date April 25, 2018
Acceptance Date March 29, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 8 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Saleh, A., Aydin, S., & Koçak, O. (2018). A comparative Study of Syrian Refugees in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan: Healthcare Access and Delivery. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 8(14), 448-464. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.376351

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