Obesity Increases In-Hospital Mortality of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection Patients Undergoing Open Surgical Repair: A Retrospective Study in the Chinese Population
Xiaogao Pan
Zhenhua Xing
Guifang Yang
Ning Ding
Yang Zhou
Xiangping Chai- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 2 Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 3 Emergency Department, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, China
Objective: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, and the role of the obesity paradox in cardiovascular surgery remains controversial. In this study, we redefined obesity according to the Chinese criteria and examined the relationship between obesity and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute type A aortic dissection (AAD) undergoing open surgical repair.
Materials and Methods: A total of 289 patients with AAD (between 2014 and 2016) were divided into the non-obese group and obese group for correlation analysis, general information, demographic factors, blood biochemistry, surgical details, and complications, which were used as covariates. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and any differences in survival were evaluated with a stratified log-rank test. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and logistic regression were used to evaluate the effect and interaction of obesity on surgical mortality.
Results: All the 289 patients had a mean age of 48.64 (IQR 44.00–55.00) and 74.39% were men. Of the 289 patients, 228 were non-obese (78.89%) and 61 were obese (21.11%). Patients with obesity were younger and more prone to unstable blood pressure [systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)], preoperative hypoxemia and delirium, prolonged operative time, and surgical wound deep infection (p < 0.05). In the fully adjusted model, we observed an increased risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with obesity after fine-tuning other covariates including age and sex (HR = 2.65; 95% CI = 1.03 to 6.80; p = 0.042). The interaction suggested that obesity was more likely to cause death in elderly patients (age ≥ 60), although it was more common in younger patients (test for interaction, p = 0.012).
Conclusion: Obesity, interacting with age, increases the risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with AAD undergoing open surgical repair. Although more verification is needed, we believe these findings provide further evidence for the treatment of AAD.
Introduction
Over the past three decades, China has experienced rapid economic development and nutrition transition, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in China has increased 2 to 3 times since the 1980s (1). The pandemic of obesity is rising worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages, involving various diseases, and increasing the economic burden. More than two-thirds of deaths related to high body mass index (BMI) were due to cardiovascular disease (2). However, the existence of a protective obesity paradox makes the role of obesity in cardiovascular surgeries uncertain (3), as is the case in open surgical repair of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (AAD).
In recent years, increasing efforts have been made to assess the trends and effects of BMI within and across nations (4). Other studies have attempted to compare the potential effects of high BMI on a variety of aortic surgery outcomes. These efforts, while useful, appeared to deviate from daily clinical practice. In these studies, patients with obesity appeared to have a higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) (5), hypoxemia (6), acute lung injury (7), and prolonged intubation (8, 9) in the perioperative period of AAD, who also have a higher prevalence of several risk factors for AAD according to previous researches (10, 11), such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and stroke. However, what is puzzling is that the results of these studies all showed that obesity was not related to AAD mortality. Are we omitting the role of the perioperative “obesity paradox”? Or did the obesity interaction mask a single effect?
On the one hand, most of the patients in the study Kreibich et al. (9) underwent hemiarch replacement surgery (9), which was different from the current mainstream total arch replacement (12, 13). On the other hand, the unified international BMI classification is not applicable to the Chinese population due to differences in ethnicity and living habits, and the overall proportion of BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 may be about 3% in China (14, 15), while it may exceed 10% in other regions (2). Based on these findings, World Health Organization (WHO), the International Association for the Study of Obesity, and the International Obesity Task Force have suggested lower BMI cutoffs for overweight and obesity in Asian populations (16). Thus, the use of the international BMI classification for comparisons might confound any association between body weight and mortality of AAD. The influence of obesity on perioperative or open surgical repair AAD remains unclear in the Chinese population based on Chinese standards. This study aims to evaluate the effect and interaction of obesity with gender, age, and blood pressure on in-hospital mortality.
Materials and Methods
Patients
This was a retrospective, observational research consisting of 289 in-patients operated at the hospital from January 2014 to December 2016. All patients presented with AAD and were treated by open surgical repair. We non-selectively and consecutively collected data for all participants at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. Anonymous data were compiled from the electronic hospital medical record system. Ethical approval for the study was provided by the hospital’s institutional review board. Informed consent was waived because the study was retrospective.
Inclusion/Exclusion
The inclusion criteria were hospital admission for patients with acute type AAD within ≤14 days after symptoms onset. The following were used as exclusion criteria: (1) unfinished height or weight test; (2) non-surgically managed condition; and (3) endovascular aortic repair (Figure 1).
Figure 1. A flowchart of patient enrollment.
Standard Measures
The diagnosis was mainly based on 2014 ESC guidelines on the treatment and diagnosis of aortic ailments (17). Any dissection that involved the ascending aorta with presentation within 14 days of symptom onset was defined as AAD. The diagnosis of AAD was confirmed by imaging like computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Admission BMI (kg/m2) measured at baseline was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (1). For correlation analysis between obesity and mortality, patients were divided into two groups according to the Chinese criterion (WS/T 428–2013) (10): non-obese (BMI: < 28 kg/m2) and obese (BMI: ≥ 28 kg/m2). Overall survival was defined as the time from surgery until death from any cause. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate were measured half an hour after pharmacotherapy. Pre-operative and post-operative complications were diagnosed by clinical examination and confirmed by CT angiography. Other covariates involving general information, demographic data, blood biochemistry, medical imaging examination, and treatment variables that can affect in-hospital mortality were confirmed based on clinical characteristics.
Surgical Procedure
The detailed surgical procedures have been previously described in the literature (18, 19). To summarize in brief, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was instituted through the right atrial graft to the right axillary artery by cannulation. Femoral artery cannulation was used if the dissection involved the right axillary artery or if the pumping pressure was too high. The aortic repair included replacing the entire ascending aorta, when the aortic root or valve was also involved, while the Bentall procedure, the Wheat procedure, or the Valsalva sinuplasty, among others, was performed simultaneously. Coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in patients with dissection involving the coronary artery or in patients with pre-operative severe coronary heart disease (20).
Missing Data Addressing
We performed multiple multivariable imputations to address missing data in order to maximize statistical power and minimize bias. Five imputed datasets with chained equations were created using R-package mice (21). Our multiple imputations of the dataset were mainly based on the following principles: (1) there were no missing data for the primary outcome; (2) replacement of categorical variables was not advisable, as the plausibility is still debated; and (3) 5% missingness is suggested as a maximum upper threshold below which multiple imputations provides benefit. Sensitivity analysis found no significant differences between the generated complete data and raw data. Thus, all multivariable analysis results based on the imputed datasets were combined with Rubin’s rules (22, 23).
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as median (interquartile range, IQR). A t-test and the Mann–Whitney U-test were used for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and compared using Fisher’s precision probability test or Chi-square analysis. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and any differences in survival were evaluated with a stratified log-rank test. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was applied to minimize the potential collinearity of variables measured from the same patient and over-fitting of variables (24). Multivariable analyses with the Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate the simultaneous effects of prognostic factors on survival. Interactions with prognostic factors were also examined with the Cox proportional-hazards model. EmpowerStats (X&Y Inc Solutions, Boston, MA, United States)1 and R version 4.0.52 were used for statistical analyses. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Characteristics of Baseline
The 289 patients had a mean age of 48.64 and 74.39% of them were men. Of the 289 patients, 228 were non-obese (78.89%) and 61 were obese (21.11%). The differences in baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. Compared with non-obese patients, patients with obesity on admission appeared to be younger, had lower DBP, had a higher probability of hypertension, and were more difficult to obtain expected blood pressure (100∼120 mmHg) from half an hour after pharmacotherapy. A total of eight patients with Marfan syndrome were all non-obese, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (Fisher’s precision probability test, p = 0.138). There was also no significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and bicuspid aortic valve (p > 0.05).
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients.
Clinical Pre-operative Data
Obese patients have higher red cell volume distribution width (RDW) and neutrocyte lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Two patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LEVF) <20% were obese, and the difference was statistically significant (Fisher’s precision probability test, p = 0.044). The obese group also appeared to be more susceptible to hypoxemia (6.58 vs. 16.39%, p = 0.015) and delirium (1.75 vs. 6.56%, p = 0.043). Patients presented with similar rates of pre-operative C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), aortic regurgitation, LEVF, pericardial effusion, ascending aortic diameter (p > 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2. Clinical pre-operative data.
Intraoperative Details
Operative details are shown in Table 3. Overall, Bentall procedure (88.23%), total arch replacement (93.43%), and elephant trunk procedure (93.77%) were the main surgical procedures. There were seven (2.42%) patients who underwent aortic valve replacement and thirty (10.38%) patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Patients with obesity required a longer duration of surgical procedure, CPB, and hypothermic circulatory arrest. No statistical difference was found between the different groups in root and aortic arch procedure, elephant trunk procedure, concomitant procedure, time of aortic cross-clamp, and ventricular fibrillation (p > 0.05).
Table 3. Intraoperative details.
Post-operative Characteristics
The outcome characteristics are summarized in Table 4. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in RDW, PLR, NLR, respiratory infection, renal replacement therapy, paraplegia, temporary neurological dysfunction, stroke, and hospital stay. However, it seemed that patients with obesity were more likely to develop surgical wound deep infection (2.22 vs. 8.62%, p = 0.019), higher intensive care unit (ICU) stay rate (0.37 vs. 0.59, p < 0.001), and in-hospital mortality (11.4 vs. 21.31%, p = 0.043, Supplementary Figure 1).
Table 4. Post-operative Characteristics.
Kaplan–Meier Analysis in Different Groups
Follow-up data were available for 289 patients. The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the cumulative survival rate of patients with obesity in the hospital was significantly reduced (log-rank test p = 0.0047, Figure 2).
Figure 2. The Kaplan–Meier curves for in-hospital survival in the chronological trend after open surgical repair in AAD.
Adjusted and Unadjusted Models for Obesity and In-Hospital Mortality
A total of 59 variables measured at the hospital (Tables 1–4) were included in the LASSO regression. After LASSO regression selection (Supplementary Figure 2), 13 variables remained significant predictors of in-hospital mortality, including clinical features and test results: obesity, gender, age ≥ 60, SBP, DBP, heart rate, pre-operative delirium, LEVF (20–40,%), time of ventricular fibrillation during surgery, post-operative NLR, post-operative PLR, renal replacement therapy, and stroke.
We defined the above 12 variables other than obesity as covariates affecting in-hospital mortality in patients with AAD. We constructed three models to analyze the independent effects of obesity on in-hospital mortality (univariate and multivariate) based on the proportional hazards model. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were listed in Figure 3. In the full model (model II), after adjusting for all covariates, patients with obesity had a higher risk of in-hospital mortality during hospitalization compared to non-obese patients (HR = 2.65; 95% CI = 1.03 to 6.80; p = 0.042) (Figure 3).
Figure 3. The effect of obesity on outcomes following multivariable analysis based on the Cox proportional-hazard model. Crude model: adjusted for none. Model I: adjusted for: gender and age. Model II: adjusted for gender, age, SBP, DBP, heart rate, pre-operative delirium, LEVF 20–40%, time of ventricular fibrillation during surgery, aortic valve replacement, CABG, post-operative PLR, post-operative NLR, renal replacement therapy, and stroke. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LEVF, left ventricular ejection fraction; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; PLR, platelet lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrocyte lymphocyte ratio.
Interaction Between Obesity and Covariates
The predetermined covariates were gender (men vs. women), age (<60 years vs. ≥ 60 years), SBP (<100 vs. 100–120 vs. > 120), and DBP (<60 vs. 60–90 vs. > 90) according to clinical guidelines and previous studies (17.25). We evaluated interactions between the four prognostic factors (gender, age, SBP, and DBP) (Figure 4) and obesity with a stepwise procedure for multivariate analysis. Figure 4 shows that there are significant interactions between age and obesity on in-hospital mortality (test for interaction, p = 0.012). Supplementary Tables 1, 2 present the subgroup analysis by age to analyze the effects of obesity and its effect on in-hospital mortality at different ages. We found that obesity was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients (adjusted HR 5.06, 95% CI 2.12–8.69), while no obesity in younger patients protected them (adjusted HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.61–0.95).
Figure 4. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for death in patients in the obese group as compared with the non-obese group, according to four prognostic factors. Adjust variables: gender, age, SBP, DBP, heart rate, pre-operative delirium, LEVF 20–40%, time of ventricular fibrillation during surgery, aortic valve replacement, CABG, post-operative PLR, post-operative NLR, renal replacement therapy, and stroke. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LEVF, left ventricular ejection fraction; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; PLR, platelet lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrocyte lymphocyte ratio.
Discussion
This study results, comparing the role of obesity in open surgical repair of patients with AAD, are summarized as follows: (1) patients with obesity were younger and more prone to unstable blood pressure (SBP and DBP), pre-operative hypoxemia and delirium, prolonged operative time, and surgical wound deep infection; (2) in the fully adjusted model, we observed an increased risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with obesity after fine-tuning other covariates including age and sex; and (3) the interaction suggested that obesity was more likely to cause death in elderly patients (age ≥ 60), although it was more common in younger patients.
The prevalence of obesity is gradually getting younger as may be expected (2). We found that obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension and instability of blood pressure (extremely high or low), which may be mostly explained by the consequence of compromised aortic physiologic microregulation (25, 26). These clinical features may exacerbate aortic intima tear or rupture and may also reveal cardiac tamponade that inhibits cardiac pumping, which may partly account for poorer outcomes in patients with obesity. Hypoxemia, delirium, and wound infection may be associated with obesity-induced decreased lung compliance, obstructive sleep apnea, cervical or cerebral atherosclerosis, and fat liquefaction (27–29), while the long-term surgical procedure may increase the risk factors for death, such as inflammation, thrombosis, infection, etc. (30). We noticed that the obese group had longer operative time, CPB time, and hypothermic circulatory arrest time, which was consistent with previous reports (8, 31). On the one hand, the anatomical variation of obesity is more likely to increase the difficulty of intraoperative operations, such as anesthesia, thoracotomy, hemostasis, and suturing (32). On the other hand, the physiological abnormalities of obesity can easily break the intraoperative homeostasis of patients, such as unstable blood pressure, obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, and microcirculatory perfusion disorders (33, 34). All of these factors may lead to poorer surgical outcomes in patients with obesity. Consequently, surgeons need to pay more attention to the patient’s respiratory or airway status, mental state, inflammation, and change of dressing on the wound compared to non-obese patients. In this study, we also observed that patients with obesity had higher pre-operative RDW and NLR, which are risk factors for cardiovascular mortality described in previous studies (35–37). Their elevation may be associated with obesity-related lower-grade chronic inflammation and inflammatory mechanisms of aortic dissection (38–40). Of note, despite the differences in baseline characteristics being unavoidable, gender, past medical history besides hypertension, surgical details, and treatment management did not differ between the two groups.
The role of obesity in aortic disease has been controversial. Several previous studies have shown that obesity was not significantly associated with mortality through aortic dissection but only increases perioperative complications and ventilation time (7, 41, 42). The BMI of patients also had no effect on the early major adverse outcomes and mid-term survival by continuous grouping (8, 9). Whereas, BMI has also been reported to be a risk factor affecting the hospital mortality rate of aortic dissection undergoing Sun’s operation (43). Other studies suggested that morbid obesity significantly increased the mortality in open abdominal aortic surgery (41, 44, 45), which prompted the controversy still unresolved. On the one hand, BMI in patients with aortic dissection may present a non-linear relationship with adverse outcomes, which may be irregular and different from the U-shaped curve of the “obesity paradox” in cardiac surgery (3). This seems to explain why the effect of BMI on major adverse outcomes from aortic dissection varies among reports. On the other hand, these studies may have omitted the difference in obesity in the Chinese population. As mentioned earlier, the unified international BMI classification is not applicable to the Chinese population due to differences in ethnicity and living habits, which confound the association between BMI and AAD mortality. The previous reports may also have tended to associate obesity with better outcomes, such as hemiarch replacement and non-emergency surgery. In fact, due to anatomical lesions and high mortality rate, the current surgical procedure for patients with AAD is still emergency total arch replacement in order to prevent dissection extending, replace damaged aorta, and restore blood supply to vital organs as soon as possible (46).
The characteristics of such patients were reflected in our study. Although multiple risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with AAD were identified by LASSO regression, we still observed that obesity increased in-hospital mortality after full adjustment for confounders. When the study sample is less than 10 times the number of variables, the application of LASSO regression can mainly avoid overfitting and multicollinearity by using the tuning parameter (λ) for dimensionality reduction. The strong predictors screened by LASSO regression were substituted into the Cox proportional-hazard model to assess risks, which may also be closer to clinical practice (47–49). We found obesity to be a risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients with AAD undergoing open surgical repair (HR = 2.65; 95% CI = 1.03 to 6.80; p = 0.042) and also unexpectedly found a significant interaction between obesity and age in in-hospital mortality effect (test for interaction, p = 0.012). Our results, if confirmed, suggest that elderly patients with AAD may be more susceptible to poor prognosis due to obesity, which may be omitted in previous studies leading to an unclear role of obesity. The elderly, with multiple comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and arteriosclerosis, are prone to poor basic organ function and are inherently at higher risk of surgery. On this basis, the presence of obesity is likely to accelerate the deterioration of elderly patients due to complications. Of course, further design and verification will be necessary.
Obesity is a multifactorial disease that results from interactions between genetics and lifestyle. The heritability for obesity is known to be around 40%, while the remainder can be explained by lifestyle factors, which suggests that obesity is a modifiable risk factor (26, 50). Healthy living and weight management recommended by WHO are necessary for patients, because obesity may increase mortality at admission compared with the patient without obesity, despite unifying the surgical procedures. Compared to surgical options, the degree of patient obesity may also be a focus for surgeons, as obesity may upset the balance from onset to post-operative management, especially in elderly patients with obesity. In these patients, the surgeon may need to pay more attention to blood pressure stability, respiratory or airway status, mental status, inflammation, and change of dressing on the wound (51).
The study still has some limitations. First, as mentioned in the Methods, our study was based on the Chinese population, reducing the generalizability of the findings, and it is unclear whether it is applicable to other ethnicities. Second, survivorship bias may be unavoidable due to the high mortality of AAD. Third, our findings are derived from single-center observational data, and further multi-center studies and a high-quality meta-analysis should be carried out to provide more evidence. Simultaneously, limited by the sample size, we were unable to assess the interaction of stratified root procedure and concomitant surgery with multivariate adjustment, which will be addressed in our future studies. Finally, this study did not explore the effect of obesity degree and BMI on in-hospital mortality, as the Chinese criteria do not subdivide the obesity degree. The continuous grouping of BMI, linear or non-linear relationships, and optimal cutoff values for prediction were also not further explored, which may be addressed in our future studies.
Conclusion
Obesity, interacting with age, increases the risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with AAD undergoing open surgical repair. Although more verification is needed, we believe that these findings provide further evidence for the treatment of AAD.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Hospital Institutional Review Board of the Second Xiangya Hospital. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author Contributions
XP and XC drafted, revised, and reviewed the manuscript. XP, ZX, and GY conducted the statistical analysis and reviewed and revised the manuscript. ND and YZ organized the database. All authors significantly contributed to the conception, study design, execution, data acquisition, analysis, interpretation, approved the final version, and agreed on the journal and are responsible for this study.
Funding
This work was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province (No. 2019SK2022), the Hunan Health and Family Planning Commission Project (No. 20200063), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2021JJ30924), the Beijing Medical and Health Public Welfare Fund (YWJKJJHKYJJ-B20370BS), the Natural Science Foundation of Changsha China (kq2014243), and the Health Commission of Hunan Province (202210003444).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University for the assistance and support.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.899050/full#supplementary-material
Footnotes
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Keywords: obesity, body mass index, aortic dissection, open surgical repair, in-hospital mortality
Citation: Pan X, Xing Z, Yang G, Ding N, Zhou Y and Chai X (2022) Obesity Increases In-Hospital Mortality of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection Patients Undergoing Open Surgical Repair: A Retrospective Study in the Chinese Population. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 9:899050. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.899050
Received: 18 March 2022; Accepted: 06 June 2022;
Published: 12 July 2022.
Edited by:
Robert Jeenchen Chen, Stanford University, United StatesReviewed by:
Lixin Wang, Fudan University, ChinaJie Ren, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
Haoyu Gao, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
Ming Gong, Capital Medical University, China
Copyright © 2022 Pan, Xing, Yang, Ding, Zhou and Chai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xiangping Chai, chaixiangping@csu.edu.cn