Photobiomodulation Therapy in Oral Mucositis and Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions: A Therapy Towards the Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Photobiomodulation Mechanism of Action
- (1)
- How can PBMT be improved to identify the dose- and time-dependent conditions, and the laser therapeutic protocol, for down-regulating the cellular proliferation of suspected lesions and achieving optimal outcomes?
- (2)
- What is the effect of PBMT on tumour growth?
- (3)
- How can PBMT be a useful modality in enhancing a patient’s clinical outcome and improving their quality of life (QoL)?
- (4)
- How can PBMT be useful as a monotherapy, or as an adjunctive modality, in treating potential malignant lesions?
- (5)
- What are the benefits in, and necessary precautions for, utilising PBMT in potentially malignant oral lesions?
1.2. PBM-Influencing Factors for Treatment Optimisation
1.3. PBMT and Cancer
2. PBMT, Dose-Dependency and Its Correlation with Proliferation Rate in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)
Data Extracted from In Vitro Molecular and In Vivo Animal Studies
3. What Are the Significant Benefits of PBMT for H&N Oncology Patients?
OM Induced by Cancer Therapies (RT-CT)
Data Extracted from Clinical Studies
4. Benefits of PBMT in Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions Management
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biological | Clinical | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Technical | Molecular | Cellular/tissue | Device | Delivery |
Scale Kinetics Background | Target Regulation | Context | Wavelength Polarisation Coherence Fluence Irradiance Time Pulsing | Clinical treatment site Delivery method (fixed/moving) Depth of target Dose repetition Biomarkers Off-target (bystander) effects |
Wavelength (nm) | Power Output (mW) | Spot Size (cm2) | Energy per Point (J) | Maximum Irradiation per Point (s) | Maximum Number of Irradiation Points | Minimal Sessions per Week During Cancer Treatment | Maximum Number of Days to Start PBMT, before Cancer Therapy (for Prevention) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red (633–685) | 10–60 | 0.1–1.00 | 3 | 30 | 6 | 3 | 7 |
Infrared (780–830) | 50–11 | 0.1–0.5 | 6 | 30 | 6 | 3 | 7 |
Irradiation Site | Trigger Points | PBMT Protocol |
---|---|---|
Intra-oral | Bilaterally, four points to soft palate and onto oropharynx. | 635 nm, 3 J/cm2, 10 s exposure time on each point, 100 mW, continuous and contact mode. |
Extra-oral | Lateral and ventral surfaces of the pharynx and larynx. Midline and lateral aspects of neck |
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Hanna, R.; Dalvi, S.; Benedicenti, S.; Amaroli, A.; Sălăgean, T.; Pop, I.D.; Todea, D.; Bordea, I.R. Photobiomodulation Therapy in Oral Mucositis and Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions: A Therapy Towards the Future. Cancers 2020, 12, 1949. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers12071949
Hanna R, Dalvi S, Benedicenti S, Amaroli A, Sălăgean T, Pop ID, Todea D, Bordea IR. Photobiomodulation Therapy in Oral Mucositis and Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions: A Therapy Towards the Future. Cancers. 2020; 12(7):1949. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers12071949
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanna, Reem, Snehal Dalvi, Stefano Benedicenti, Andrea Amaroli, Tudor Sălăgean, Ioana Delia Pop, Doina Todea, and Ioana Roxana Bordea. 2020. "Photobiomodulation Therapy in Oral Mucositis and Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions: A Therapy Towards the Future" Cancers 12, no. 7: 1949. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers12071949