Next Article in Journal
1-(4-Formyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-4-chlorobut-2-yne
Previous Article in Journal
Ambient-Temperature Synthesis of (E)-N-(3-(tert-Butyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Synthesis of Aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-Substituted Imines and Amides

Department of Chemistry and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molbank 2021, 2021(3), M1251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1251
Submission received: 28 June 2021 / Revised: 12 July 2021 / Accepted: 13 July 2021 / Published: 18 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Synthesis)

Abstract

:
A series of small molecules containing aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines and amides were synthesized so that they could potentially be incorporated into self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on metal oxide surfaces. Simple one-step imine preparations and two-step amide preparations are reported here.

1. Introduction

A series of small molecules containing aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) linkers were synthesized so that they could potentially be incorporated into self-assembled monolayers (SAMS) on metal oxide surfaces. Trialkoxysilanes are widely used to modify metal oxide surfaces since they readily react with surface hydroxyl groups to release the alkanol and provide a piano stool trialkoxysilane linkage to the surface [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Two main structural aspects of the small molecules to be synthesized were considered: (1) ease of synthesis of the small molecule, i.e., where possible, one-pot reactions from inexpensive, commercially available starting materials, and (2) presentation of a variety of aromatic functional groups that would be of interest to others working to use SAMS as components of materials for molecular electronics or sensing applications. Imines that contain both electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents on a benzene ring, as well as a number of imines with nitrogen heterocycles as the aromatic component, were prepared. Amides were prepared containing pyridine, furan, and thiophene rings as part of the aromatic component.

2. Results and Discussion

To satisfy the above criteria, we ended up performing two series of reactions: (1) involving treatment of aromatic aldehydes with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) in dichloromethane (DCM) in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulfate as a drying agent and (2) involving treatment of aromatic carboxylic acids with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) followed by APTES.

2.1. Imines Prepared from 4-Acyl Substituted Benzaldehydes

A variety of 4-acyl substituted benzaldehydes are commercially available and we investigated the use of a number of them in this imine forming reaction (Scheme 1). 4-Formylbenzamides (2,4), -benzoates (3), and –acetophenone (5) all produced products in high yield. We also tried using terephthalaldehyde in this reaction but it yielded essentially a 1:1:1 mixture of unreacted dialdehyde, mono imine/mono aldehyde and diimine when treated with 1 equivalent of APTES. When treated with two equivalents of APTES, dialdehyde yielded the diimine (6) in good yield. 4-Formylbenzoic acid required ethanol rather than DCM as a solvent to test this reaction and did not produce any imine product presumably due to rapid acid–base chemistry that would occur between it and APTES.

2.2. Imines Prepared from Cyano and Nitro Substituted Benzaldehydes

Earlier we had reported that a 4-cyanophenyl aminopropyltriethoxysilyl imine could be prepared and incorporated into a molecular rectifier so we wanted to use this method prepare a number of different imines from benzaldehydes with strong electron withdrawing groups (7) (Scheme 2) [2]. As expected, these reactions proceeded well to produce imines (811) that can be isolated in high yield. As with all of these imines, they are best stored for long periods of time under nitrogen in a refrigerator.

2.3. Imines Prepared from Heterocyclic Aromatic Aldehydes

Imines formed from isonicotinaldehyde and pyridazine carbaldehyde as well as those prepared from fused heterocyclic aldehydes (1314,1819) were all isolated in slightly lower but still acceptable yields presumably due to the presence of the more electron rich aromatic rings (Scheme 3). Whereas heterocyclic substituents on benzaldehyde produced imines (1517) in yields like we observed for reactions of benzaldehydes containing electron withdrawing substituents.

2.4. Imines Prepared from Disubstituted Benzaldehydes

Trialkoxysilanes bearing substituents on the benzene ring that are conformationally restricted might prove useful for self-assembly on surfaces so we prepared a couple of imines from ortho substituted 4-formyl benzoates (Scheme 4). However, the imine prepared from methyl 2-hydroxy-4-formyl benzoate (21) showed no evidence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding (no line broadening) by NMR when evaluated from −30 °C to 40 °C in CDCl3; therefore, the CO2Me group can presumably freely rotate around the CO2Me-phenyl C-C bond.

2.5. Attempts to Prepare Imines from Acetophenones Rather Than Benzaldehydes

Lastly, for imines, we investigated the reactions of two acetophenones rather than benzaldehydes in this imine forming reaction. Neither 4-hydroxyacetophenone nor 4-carbomethoxy acetophenone produced any imine product when stirred under our standard conditions. Likewise reflux in DCM overnight with MgSO4 just produced unreacted acetophenones with traces of other compounds noted by NMR (Supplementary Materials). We did notice that 4-hydroxyacetophenone and APTES when mixed neat slowly reacted to produce an orange solid which we presumed to be the salt formed from proton transfer.

2.6. Amides Prepared from Aromatic Carboxylic Acids and APTES

Finally, we wanted to prepare a few aromatic amides linked to trialkoxysilanes (Scheme 5) since the imines we have prepared here might be sensitive to acid catalyzed degradation if bonded to acidic surfaces. To prepare these amides, we treated aromatic carboxylic acids with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) followed by APTES. While the isolated yields of these reactions are not as high as the imine forming reactions reported above yields around 50% were obtained regardless of the aromatic acid used.

3. Experimental

3.1. General Methods

NMR spectra were obtained on Bruker 300 MHz and 400 MHz spectrometers and mass spectrometry was performed on a Thermo LTQ Orbitrap XL. All reagents and materials were obtained from the suppliers listed below. Fischer Scientific: sodium sulfate, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, triethylamine; Gelest: aminopropyltriethoxysilane; Ambeed: methyl 4 acetylbenzoate, 4 acetyl benzaldehyde, methyl 4-formyl-2-methylbenzoate, 2-fluoro-4-formyl benzonitrile, and methyl 4-formyl-2-hydroxy benzoate; Combi-blocks: all remaining aromatic aldehydes and carboxylic acids; Cambridge Isotope Laboratories: all NMR solvents.

3.2. General Procedure for Synthesis of Substituted Aryl Imines

Anhydrous Na2SO4 (3.0 g) was added to a solution of aromatic aldehyde (1.0 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (DCM) (25 mL). A solution of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (1 eq.) was added to the solution and the mixture stirred under N2 atmosphere. The solution was then filtered using grade 1 Whatman filter paper, the reaction flask and drying agent were rinsed with DCM (~5 mL) and the solvent removed in vacuo.
(E)-4-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)benzamide (2). 4-Formylbenzamide (0.075 g, 0.503 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.112 g, 0.506 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a flaky, light-yellow solid (0.154 g, 0.437 mmol, 87%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.6 Hz 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 8.6 Hz 1H), 6.01 (s, 1H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.58 (td, J = 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 1.82–1.73 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.61 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.6, 159.9, 139.5, 134.7, 128.2, 127.6, 64.3, 58.4, 24.2, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C17H28N2O4SiH: 353.1897; Found: 353.1901.
Methyl (E)-4-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)benzoate (3). Methyl 4-formyl benzoate (0.075 g, 0.457 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.103 g, 0.461 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a flaky, light-yellow solid (0.137 g, 0.373 mmol, 82%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.00 (m, 2H), 7.72 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.58 (td, J = 6.9, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.83–1.71 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.66–0.57 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.7, 159.0, 139.2, 130.6, 128.8, 126.8, 63.4, 57.3, 51.2, 23.1, 17.2, 7.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C18H29NO5SiH: 368.1893; Found: 368.1889.
(E)-N-methyl-4-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)benzamide (4). 4-Formyl-N-methyl benzamide (0.050 g, 0.306 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.068 g, 0.307 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous, light-yellow liquid (0.076 g, 0.207 mmol, 68%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.75–7.68 (m, 4H), 6.11 (s, 1H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.57 (td, J = 7.0, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 3H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.67–0.56 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.6, 160.0, 138.9, 136.1, 128.1, 127.1, 64.3, 58.4, 26.9, 24.2, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C18H30N2O4SiH: 367.2053; Found: 367.2052.
(E)-1-(4-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)phenyl)ethan-1-one (5). 4-Acetyl benzaldehyde (0.074 g, 0.499 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.112 g, 0.506 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous, light-yellow liquid (0.142 g, 0.404 mmol, 81%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.58 (m, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 1.85–1.71 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.68–0.54 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 197.7, 159.9, 140.2, 138.3, 128.5, 128.1, 64.4, 58.3, 26.7, 24.1, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C18H29NO4SiH: 352.1944; Found: 352.1945.
(1E,1’E)-1,1´-(1,4-phenylene)bis(N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methanimine) (6). Teraphthalaldehyde (0.134 g, 1 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.442 g, 2 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous light-yellow liquid (0.282 g, 0.521 mmol, 52%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.22 (s, 2H), 7.69 (s, 4H), 3.75 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 12H), 3.56 (td, J = 6.9, 1.3 Hz, 4H), 1.82–1.72 (m, 4H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 18H), 0.65–0.58 (m, 4H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.5, 138.1, 128.2, 64.4, 53.3, 24.2, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C26H48N2O6SiH: 541.3129; Found: 541.3126.
(E)-2-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)benzonitrile. (8). 2-Cyanobenzaldehyde (0.131 g, 1.0 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.221 g, 1.0 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous light red liquid (0.270 g, 0.80 mmol, 80%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H), 3.73–3.70 (m, 2H), 1.90–1.82 (m, 2H), 1.24 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.72–0.68 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.9, 138.5, 132.9, 132.8, 130.4, 127.3, 117.0, 112.6, 64.3, 58.4, 24.2, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C17H26N2O3SiH: 335.1791; Found: 335.1789.
(E)-3-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)benzonitrile (9). 3-Cyanobenzaldehyde (0.131 g, 1.0 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.221 g, 1.0 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous pale yellow liquid (0.270 g, 0.80 mmol, 80.0%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H), 3.66–3.63 (m, 2H), 1.88–1.80 (m, 2H), 1.23 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.70–0.65 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.4, 137.4, 133.5, 132.0, 131.5, 129.4, 118.3, 112.9, 64.1, 58.4, 24.1, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C17H26N2O3SiH: 335.1791; Found: 335.1800.
(E)-2-fluoro-4-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)benzonitrile (10). 2-Fluoro-4-formyl benzonitrile (0.075 g, 0.503 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.112 g, 0.506 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous, light-yellow liquid (0.120 g, 0.340 mmol, 68%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.58 (dd, J = 8.0, 4.0Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J = 9.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.59 (td, J = 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 1.82–1.71 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.65–0.54 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.3 (d, J = 259.6Hz) 157.8 (d, J = 2.8Hz), 143.0 (d, J = 7.5Hz), 133.7, 124.3 (d, J = 3.4Hz), 115.0 (d, J = 20.6Hz), 113.7, 102.7 (d, J = 16.1Hz), 64.1, 58.4, 24.1, 18.3, 8.1. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C17H25N2O3FSiH: 353.1697; Found: 361.1688.
(E)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methanimine (11). 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde (0.151 g, 1.0 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.221 g, 1.0 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous lightly tinged liquid (0.305 g, 0.86 mmol, 86%) 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H), 3.72–3.68 (m, 2H), 1.91–1.84 (m, 2H), 1.25 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.72–0.68 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 154.6, 148.9, 141.8, 128.7, 123.8, 64.4, 58.4, 24.1, 18.3, 8.1. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C16H26N2O5SiH: 355.1689; Found: 355.1687.
(E)-1-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methanimine (13). Isonicotinaldehyde (0.107 g, 1.0 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.221 g, 1.0 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a clear liquid (0.185 g, 0.6 mmol, 60%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.68 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H), 3.68–3.65 (m, 2H), 1.88–1.81 (m, 2H), 1.23 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.70–0.65 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.0, 150.4, 143.0, 121.9, 64.3, 58.4, 24.0, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C15H26N2O3SiH: 311.1790; Found: 311.1788.
(E)-1-(pyridazin-4-yl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methanimine (14). Pyridazine-4-carbaldehyde (0.050 g, 0.463 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.103 g, 0.465 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous, light-yellow liquid (0.094 g, 0.302 mmol, 65%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.41 (dd, J = 2.2, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 9.21 (dd, J = 5.2, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J = 5.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.64 (td, J = 6.9, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 1.89–1.71 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.71–0.51 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.3, 151.8, 149.8, 133.2, 123.7, 64.5, 58.4, 24.0, 18.3, 8.1. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C14H25N3O3SiH: 312.1743; Found: 312.1742.
(E)-1-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methanimine (15). 4-(Pyridin-4-yl)benzaldehyde (0.183 g, 1.0 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.221 g, 1.0 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous liquid (0.325 g, 0.84 mmol, 84%) 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.68 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H), 3.67–3.64 (m, 2H), 1.89–1.82 (m, 2H), 1.24 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.71–0.67 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.2, 150.3, 147.6, 139.9, 136.9, 128.7, 127.2, 121.5, 64.4, 58.4, 24.2, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C21H30N2O3SiH: 387.2104; Found: 387.2107.
(E)-1-(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methan-1-imine (16). 4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl) benzaldehyde (0.075 g, 0.436 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.097 g, 0.438 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous, light-yellow liquid (0.120 g, 0.452 mmol, 73%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.57–7.54 (m, 3H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 6.73–6.67 (m, 2H), 3.82 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.59 (td, J = 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 2.13–2.03 (m, 2H), 1.18 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.89–0.82 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.6, 138.5, 135.2, 130.9, 129.2, 120.5, 117.2, 64.2, 58.2, 24.7, 18.2, 8.5. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C19H29N3O3SiH: 376.2056; Found: 376.2042.
(E)-1-(4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methan-1-imine (17). 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzaldehyde (0.075 g, 0.436 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.097 g, 0.438 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous, light-yellow liquid (0.131 g, 0.452 mmol, 80%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J = 2.5, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.79–7.72 (m, 2H), 7.72–7.65 (m, 3H), 6.42 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.56 (td, J = 6.9, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.83–1.73 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.68–0.58 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.9, 141.51, 141.50, 134.4, 129.2, 126.7, 118.9, 108.0, 64.3, 58.4, 24.2, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C19H29N3O3SiH: 376.2056; Found: 376.2046.
(E)-1-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methanimine (18). Isoquinoline-6-carbaldehyde (0.075 g, 0.477 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.106 g, 0.479 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous, light-yellow liquid (0.104 g, 0.288 mmol, 60%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.20 (s, 1H), 8.50 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.98–7.93 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dt, J = 5.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.63 (td, J = 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 1.88–1.75 (m, 2H), 1.17 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.70–0.58 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.2, 152.4, 143.7, 138.0, 135.7, 129.4, 128.0, 127.7, 125.5, 120.8, 64.4, 58.4, 24.2, 18.3, 8.1. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C19H28NO3SiH: 361.1947; Found: 361.1937.
(E)-1-(9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methanimine (19). 9H-Carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (0.195 g, 1.0 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.221 g, 1.0 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous liquid (0.260 g, 0.66 mmol, 65%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.20 (br s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.08 (m, 2H), 7.43–7.41 (m, 3H), 7.26–7.22 (m, 2H), 3.82 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H), 3.33–3.28 (m, 2H), 1.70–1.62 (m, 2H), 1.23 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.67–0.63 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.6, 161.1, 139.5, 125.8, 123.3, 120.3, 119.3, 110.6, 58.5, 40.4, 22.8, 18.3, 7.7. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C22H30N2O3SiH: 399.2104; Found: 399.2105.
Methyl (E)-2-hydroxy-4-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)benzoate (21). Methyl 2-hydroxy 4-formyl benzoate (0.050 g, 0.278 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.062 g, 0.280 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give a viscous, light-yellow liquid (0.093 g, 0.242 mmol, 87%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.83–1.71 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.66–0.58 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.3, 161.7, 159.9, 142.9, 130.1, 118.0, 117.4, 113.6, 64.3, 58.4, 52.4, 24.1, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C18H29NO6SiH: 384.1842; Found: 384.1846.
Methyl (E)-2-methyl-4-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)benzoate (22). Methyl 4-formyl-2-methyl benzoate (0.089 g, 0.500 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine (APTES) (0.111 g, 0.501 mmol) were reacted as described in the general procedure to give an off-white flaky solid (0.182g, 0.477mmol, 56%) 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.20 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.76 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.56 (td, J = 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 1.83–1.72 (m, 2H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.65–0.58 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.6, 160.2, 140.5, 139.1, 131.1, 130.93, 130.92, 125.3, 64.4, 58.4, 51.9, 24.2, 21.6, 18.3, 8.0. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C19H31NO5SiH: 382.2050; Found: 382.2052.

3.3. General Procedure for Synthesis of Substituted Aryl Amides

Substituted aromatic benzoic acid (1.0 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (1.5 equivalent), and N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (1.2 equivalent) were dissolved in anhydrous THF (10 mL) in a 100 mL round bottom flask and stirred under nitrogen atmosphere for 4 h at room temperature. The precipitate was filtered and 3-(triethoxysilyl) propan-1-amine (APTES) (1.0 equivalent) and triethylamine (TEA) (1.0 equivalent) were added to the clear filtrate. The solution was then stirred for 12 h at room temperature under N2. The precipitate was filtered, and solvent removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified via flash chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate as a mobile phase.
N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)isonicotinamide (24). Isonicotinic acid (0.123 g, 1.0 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (0.173 g, 1.5 equivalent), and N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (0.248 g, 1.2 equivalent) were reacted with APTES and TEA and the crude product chromatographed as described in the general procedure to yield a viscous liquid with a yellow tinge (0.165 g, 0.51 mmol, 51%) upon removing organic solvents in vacuo. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.72 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 3.81 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.49–3.44 (m, 2H), 1.80–1.72 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.742–0.68 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.4, 150.2, 142.2, 121.0, 58.6, 42.2, 22.6, 18.2, 7.8. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C15H26N2O4SiH: 327.1740; Found: 327.1740.
N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)benzofuran-5-carboxamide (25). Benzofuran-5-carboxylic acid (0.162 g, 1.0 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (0.173 g, 1.5 equivalent), and N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (0.248 g, 1.2 equivalent) were reacted with APTES and TEA and the crude product chromatographed as described in the general procedure to yield a viscous pale yellow liquid (0.201 g, 0.55 mmol, 55%) upon removing organic solvents in vacuo. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.56 (br s, 1H), 3.83 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H), 3.52–3.47 (m, 2H), 1.82–1.72 (m, 2H), 1.23 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.75–0.71 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.7, 156.4, 146.1, 130.1, 127.4, 123.3, 120.5, 111.2, 106.9, 58.5, 42.3, 22.9, 18.3, 7.8. HRMS (APCI-ion trap) m/z: [M + H] + Calc for C18H27NO5SiH: 366.1737; Found: 366.1736.
N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)benzo[b]thiophene-5-carboxamide (26). Benzo-[b]-thiophene-5-carboxylic acid (0.178 g, 1.0 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (0.173 g, 1.5 equivalent), and N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (0.248 g, 1.2 equivalent) were reacted with APTES and TEA as described in the general procedure. The crude material was purified via flash chromatography on SiO2 using diethyl ether and the first band collected gave a viscous clear liquid (0.187 g, 0.49 mmol, 49%) upon removing organic solvents in vacuo. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.91 (m, 1H), 7.74 (m, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (br s, 1H), 3.84 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H), 3.54–3.49 (m, 2H), 1.83–1.76 (m, 2H), 1.23 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.76–0.72 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.6, 142.4, 139.4, 131.3, 127.7, 124.2, 122.5, 122.5, 58.5, 42.3, 22.9, 15.2, 7.8.

4. Conclusions

We successfully prepared 18 new aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-containing imines and amides using simple chemistry. We found that APTES reacted best with aromatic aldehydes when the aromatic moiety was electron deficient rather than electron rich. We also found that we could not form imines from APTES with acetophenones at room temperature or upon heating with drying agents. We hope scientists working with silicon oxide and other metal oxide surfaces will incorporate them into their surface science with the anticipation that these aromatic substituted silanes will have interesting electronic properties.

Supplementary Materials

The following data are available online, MS, 1H and 13C-NMR spectra for compounds 26, 811, 1319, 2122, and 2426.

Author Contributions

S.R.B. and J.T.M. prepared all new compounds; S.R.B., J.T.M. and M.E.W. analyzed spectral data and wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Wake Forest University Center for Functional Materials for internal pilot funding of this work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Welker, M.E. Synthesis of sulfur and silicon SAM precursors for molecular electronics applications. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 2020, 195, 75–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Lamport, Z.A.; Broadnax, A.D.; Scharmann, B.; Bradford, R.W., III; DelaCourt, A.; Meyer, N.; Li, H.; Geyer, S.M.; Thonhauser, T.; Welker, M.E.; et al. Molecular Rectifiers on Silicon: High Performance by Enhancing Top-Electrode/Molecule Coupling. ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 2019, 11, 18564–18570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Broadnax, A.D.; Lamport, Z.A.; Scharmann, B.; Jurchescu, O.D.; Welker, M.E. Ferrocenealkylsilane molecular rectifiers. J. Organometal. Chem. 2018, 856, 23–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Lamport, Z.A.; Broadnax, A.D.; Harrison, D.; Barth, K.J.; Mendenhall, L.; Hamilton, C.T.; Guthold, M.; Thonhauser, T.; Welker, M.E.; Jurchescu, O.D. Fluorinated benzalkylsilane molecular rectifiers. Sci. Rept. 2016, 6, 38092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Operamolla, A.; Punzi, A.; Farinola, G.M. Synthetic Routes to Thiol-Functionalized Organic Semiconductors for Molecular and Organic Electronics. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2017, 6, 120–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Aitken, R.A.; Jethwa, S.J. Synthesis of Electro-active Compounds Suitable for Adsorption on Metal Surfaces. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 2017, 49, 389–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Ko, S.; Han, G.; Lee, J.K. Surface organic chemistry for application to organic electronics. Tetrahedron Lett. 2015, 56, 3721–3731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Mallakpour, S.; Madani, M. A review of current coupling agents for modification of metal oxide nanoparticles. Prog. Org. Coat. 2015, 86, 194–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Tanaka, M.; Niwa, O. Fabrication of Biosensing Interface with Monolayers. Anal. Sci. 2021, 37, 673–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Sheng, J.C.-C.; De La Franier, B.; Thompson, M. Assembling Surface Linker Chemistry with Minimization of Non-Specific Adsorption on Biosensor Materials. Materials 2021, 14, 472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Luo, T.; Zeng, W.-W.; Zhang, R.; Zhou, C.; Yang, X.; Ren, Z. Hydrophobic Modification of Silica Surfaces via Grafting Alkoxy Groups. ACS Appl. Elec. Mat. 2021, 3, 1691–1698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Scheme 1. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines from 4-acylbenzaldehydes.
Scheme 1. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines from 4-acylbenzaldehydes.
Molbank 2021 m1251 sch001
Scheme 2. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines from electron withdrawing group substituted benzaldehydes.
Scheme 2. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines from electron withdrawing group substituted benzaldehydes.
Molbank 2021 m1251 sch002
Scheme 3. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines from heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes (NA = Not applicable).
Scheme 3. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines from heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes (NA = Not applicable).
Molbank 2021 m1251 sch003
Scheme 4. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines from disubstituted benzaldehydes.
Scheme 4. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted imines from disubstituted benzaldehydes.
Molbank 2021 m1251 sch004
Scheme 5. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted amides.
Scheme 5. Preparation of aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-substituted amides.
Molbank 2021 m1251 sch005
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Banks, S.R.; Morningstar, J.T.; Welker, M.E. Synthesis of Aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-Substituted Imines and Amides. Molbank 2021, 2021, M1251. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1251

AMA Style

Banks SR, Morningstar JT, Welker ME. Synthesis of Aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-Substituted Imines and Amides. Molbank. 2021; 2021(3):M1251. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1251

Chicago/Turabian Style

Banks, Surya R., J. Tanner Morningstar, and Mark E. Welker. 2021. "Synthesis of Aminopropyltriethoxysilyl-Substituted Imines and Amides" Molbank 2021, no. 3: M1251. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1251

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop