Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 Assisted Phytoremediation of Diesel and Plant Growth Promotion of Maize in Hydrocarbons Contaminated Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Layout
2.2. Physicochemical Properties of Soil and Biochar
2.3. Seedling Emergence, Physiological and Growth Attributes of Maize Plants
2.4. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Analysis of Soil
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 on Seedling Emergence and Growth of Maize Plants
3.2. Effect of Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 on Physiology of Maize Plant
3.3. Effect of Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 on N, P, and K
3.4. Effect of Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 on PHs Removal from Soil
4. Discussion
4.1. Seedling Emergence and Growth of Maize Plants
4.2. Effect of Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 on Maize Physiology
4.3. Effect of Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 on NPK Contents of Plants
4.4. Effect of Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 on Plants and PHs Removal from Soil
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | SE (%) | SL (cm) | RL (cm) | NLP | NSP | SFW (g) | SDW (g) | RFW (g) | RDW (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 100 ± 0.00 a | 119.7 ± 1.20 a | 40.0 ± 2.64 b | 15.7 ± 0.67 a | 13.7 ± 0.88 a | 104.3 ± 3.65 a | 30.63 ± 1.72 a | 17.3 ± 0.88 ab | 8.47 ± 0.55 a |
PHs + P | 66.7 ± 9.53 c | 68.3 ± 4.09 d | 24.7 ± 1.76 d | 8.33 ± 0.88 d | 6.67 ± 0.33 b | 66.1 ± 1.65 c | 16.7 ± 1.20 d | 11.6 ± 0.78 c | 5.07 ± 0.26 c |
B + PHs + P | 77.7 ± 5.33 bc | 93.3 ± 4.98 c | 34.0 ± 1.00 c | 9.33 ± 0.88 cd | 7.33 ± 0.88 b | 80.7 ± 1.91 b | 21.1 ± 0.97 cd | 14.3 ± 0.56 bc | 6.2 ± 0.46 c |
M + PHs + P | 88.7 ± 5.67 ab | 107.7 ± 3.48 b | 35.5 ± 1.89 bc | 11.7 ± 0.67 bc | 9.00 ± 0.57 b | 87.7 ± 2.40 b | 24.9 ± 1.68 bc | 16.3 ± 1.45 b | 6.57 ± 0.49 bc |
B + M + PHs + P | 94.3 ± 5.67 ab | 111.7 ± 3.71 ab | 47.0 ± 1.57 a | 14.0 ± 0.57 ab | 11.7 ± 0.88 a | 101.8 ± 1.82 a | 27.4 ± 2.08 ab | 20.2 ± 1.40 a | 8.07 ± 0.90 ab |
Treatments | L Root/L Shoot | FW Root/FW Shoot | DW Root/DW Shoot | SRL (m g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.33 ± 0.03 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.28 ± 0.03 a | 0.05 ± 0.035 a |
PHs + P | 0.37 ± 0.04 ab | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | 0.31 ± 0.33 a | 0.05 ± 0.045 a |
B + PHs + P | 0.37 ± 0.03 ab | 0.18 ± 0.00 a | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.0047 a |
M + PHs + P | 0.33 ± 0.02 b | 0.19 ± 0.02 a | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.0069 a |
B + M + PHs + P | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 a | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.0052 a |
Treatments | CPhyl (mg cm−2) | A (µmol m−2s−1) | E (mmol m−2s−1) | Gs (mmol m−2s−1) | Ci (µmol m−2s−1) | PAR (µmol m−2s−1) | Ft (µmol m−2s−1) | YII (mmol m−2s−1) | ETR (mmol m−2s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 41.8 ± 1.82 a | 2.72 ± 0.12 a | 2.53 ± 0.04 a | 2.21 ± 0.15 a | 432 ± 19.5 a | 41.7 ± 2.09 a | 691 ± 13.5 a | 0.86 ± 0.03 a | 28.5 ± 2.58 a |
PHs + P | 29.4 ± 2.15 c | 1.45 ± 0.06 c | 1.18 ± 0.04 c | 1.04 ± 0.03 c | 283 ± 8.51 c | 26.3 ± 0.88 c | 490 ± 18.3 d | 0.49 ± 0.04 d | 16.1 ± 1.82 c |
B + PHs + P | 34.7 ± 1.56 bc | 1.59 ± 0.05 c | 1.42 ± 0.59 c | 1.57 ± 0.20 b | 340 ± 19.1 b | 34.2 ± 1.21 b | 564 ± 21.2 c | 0.59 ± 0.03 cd | 19.6 ± 0.98 bc |
M + PHs + P | 35.8 ± 1.47 b | 1.80 ± 0.15 c | 1.60 ± 0.06 c | 1.90 ± 0.09 ab | 360 ± 16.6 b | 37.1 ± 1.07 ab | 622 ± 11.2 b | 0.68 ± 0.02 bc | 20.6 ± 1.54 bc |
B + M + PHs + P | 39.5 ± 1.45 ab | 2.32 ± 0.14 b | 2.10 ± 0.05 b | 2.03 ± 0.04 a | 408 ± 4.48 a | 39.2 ± 2.37 ab | 673 ± 12.8 a | 0.75 ± 0.03 b | 25.5 ± 2.62 ab |
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Ali, M.H.; Khan, M.I.; Bashir, S.; Azam, M.; Naveed, M.; Qadri, R.; Bashir, S.; Mehmood, F.; Shoukat, M.A.; Li, Y.; et al. Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 Assisted Phytoremediation of Diesel and Plant Growth Promotion of Maize in Hydrocarbons Contaminated Soil. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1795. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11091795
Ali MH, Khan MI, Bashir S, Azam M, Naveed M, Qadri R, Bashir S, Mehmood F, Shoukat MA, Li Y, et al. Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 Assisted Phytoremediation of Diesel and Plant Growth Promotion of Maize in Hydrocarbons Contaminated Soil. Agronomy. 2021; 11(9):1795. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11091795
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Muhammad Hayder, Muhammad Imran Khan, Safdar Bashir, Muhammad Azam, Muhammad Naveed, Rashad Qadri, Saqib Bashir, Fizza Mehmood, Muhammad Aqeel Shoukat, Yunzhou Li, and et al. 2021. "Biochar and Bacillus sp. MN54 Assisted Phytoremediation of Diesel and Plant Growth Promotion of Maize in Hydrocarbons Contaminated Soil" Agronomy 11, no. 9: 1795. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11091795