Effects of Feeding Different Postbiotics Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota Composition, Immune Status, and Growth Gene Expression in Broilers under Heat Stress
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microorganisms and Maintenance
2.2. Preparation of Postbiotics from L. plantarum Strains
2.3. Animals Housing and Experimental Design
2.4. Sample Collection
2.5. Growth Performance Measurements and Mortality
2.6. Carcass Characteristics
2.7. Intestinal Morphology
2.8. Caecum Microbial Population
2.9. Plasma Immunoglobulin Concentration
2.10. RNA Extraction and RT-PCR of GHR and IGF-1 Genes
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance and Mortality
3.2. Carcass Yield
3.3. Intestinal Histomorphology
3.4. Caecum Microbial Population and pH
3.5. Plasma IgG, IgM and IgA Concentration
3.6. Hepatic GHR and IGF-1 Gene Expression Levels
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth Performance, Mortality and Carcass Yield
4.2. Intestinal Histomorphology
4.3. Caecum Microbial Population and pH
4.4. Plasma IgG, IgM and IgA Concentrations
4.5. Hepatic IGF-1 and GHR Gene Expression
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients% | Treatments Diets 1 | |||||
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NC | PC | AA | RI11 | RS5 | UL4 | |
Corn | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Soybean meal 48% | 34.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 |
Palm oil | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
Wheat pollard | 4 | 3.98 | 3.98 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
DCP 18% 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Choline chloride | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Salt | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
DL-Methionine | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
L-Lysine | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
L-Threonine | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Vitamin premix 3 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Mineral premix 4 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Antioxidant 5 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Toxin binder 6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Oxytetracycline 7 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ascorbic acid 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
RI11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
RS5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
UL4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Calculated nutrient level 9 | ||||||
Metabolizable energy kcal/kg | 3140.58 | 3140.57 | 3140.57 | 3140.57 | 3140.57 | 3140.57 |
Protein % | 19.68 | 19.68 | 19.68 | 19.68 | 19.68 | 19.68 |
Fat % | 8.319 | 8.319 | 8.319 | 8.319 | 8.319 | 8.319 |
Fiber % | 3.973 | 3.973 | 3.973 | 3.973 | 3.973 | 3.973 |
Calcium % | 1.097 | 1.097 | 1.097 | 1.097 | 1.097 | 1.097 |
Total phosphorus % | 0.848 | 0.848 | 0.848 | 0.848 | 0.848 | 0.848 |
Available phosphorus for poultry % | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
Target Microbes | Primer Sequence 5′-3′ | Product Size (bp) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Total bacteria | F—CGGCAACGAGCGCAACCC | 145 | [58] |
R—CCATTGTAGCACGTGTGTAGCC | |||
Lactobacillus | F—CATCCAGTGCAAACCTAAGAG | 341 | [59] |
R—GATCCGCTTGCCTTCGCA | |||
Bifidobacterium | F—GGGTGGTAATGCCGGATG | 278 | [60] |
R—TAAGCCATGGACTTTCACACC | |||
Enterococcus genus | F—CCCTTATTGTTAGTTGCCATCATT | 144 | [58] |
R—ACTCGTTGTACTTCCCATTGT | |||
Enterobacteriaceae | F—CATTGACGTTACCCGCAGAAGAAGC | 195 | [59] |
R—CTCTACGAGACTCAAGCTTGC | |||
Escherichia coli | F—GTGTGATATCTACCCGCTTCGC | 82 | [59] |
R—AGAACGCTTTGTGGTTAATCAGGA | |||
Salmonella | F—TCGTCATTCCATTACCTACC | 119 | [61] |
R—AAACGTTGAAAAACTGAGGA |
Target Gene | Primer Sequence 5′-3′ | Product Size (bp) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
GHR | F—AACACAGATACCCAACAGCC | 145 | [62] |
R—AGAAGTCAGTGTTTGTCAGGG | |||
IGF-1 | F—CACCTAAATCTGCACGCT | 140 | [62] |
R—CTTGTGGATGGCATGATCT | |||
GAPDH | F—CTGGCAAAGTCCAAGTGGTG | 312 | [63] |
R—AGCACCACCCTTCAGATGAG |
Parameters | Dietary Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | PC | AA | RI11 | RS5 | UL4 | |||
IBW (g) | 1020.31 | 1027.5 | 1001.29 | 1014 | 1004.48 | 1006.81 | 5.77 | 0.77 |
FBW (g) | 2705.11 b | 2717.52 b | 2735.52 b | 2951.75 a | 2826.03 a,b | 2834.00 a,b | 18.92 | 0.001 |
CWG (g) | 1704.21 b | 1746.54 b | 1759.34 b | 1944.94 a | 1802.77 b | 1805.39 b | 16.44 | 0.001 |
ADG (g) | 81.15 b | 83.16 b | 83.77 b | 92.61 a | 85.84 b | 85.97 b | 0.78 | 0.001 |
CFI (g) | 2932.1 | 3032.1 | 2970.8 | 3109.9 | 3004 | 3009 | 33.56 | 0.77 |
FCR (g/g) | 1.72 a | 1.72 a | 1.70 a,b | 1.61 c | 1.68 b | 1.67 b | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Mortality | 14/42 | 17/42 | 13/42 | 10/42 | 12/42 | 11/42 | - | 0.636 |
Parameters | Dietary Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | PC | AA | RI11 | RS5 | UL4 | |||
Carcass weight (g) | 1905.9 c | 1956.9 c | 2059.6 b,c | 2350.4 a | 2222.3 a,b | 2306.7 a | 78.37 | 0.001 |
Carcass % | 72.78 | 73.74 | 74.32 | 75.67 | 74.57 | 75.85 | 1.21 | 0.56 |
Breast % | 27.11 | 28.51 | 27.07 | 28.82 | 26.75 | 28.33 | 0.98 | 0.56 |
Leg % | 20.05 | 18.51 | 22.18 | 20.33 | 20.54 | 21.35 | 0.75 | 0.15 |
Wing % | 7.24 | 7.52 | 8.04 | 7.61 | 7.53 | 7.68 | 0.27 | 0.59 |
Back % | 18.12 | 16.81 | 18.02 | 18.39 | 19.35 | 17.88 | 0.74 | 0.33 |
Liver % | 1.97 | 1.86 | 1.84 | 1.85 | 1.86 | 1.82 | 0.06 | 0.75 |
Gizzard % | 2.16 | 2.15 | 2.02 | 1.96 | 1.91 | 1.82 | 0.13 | 0.35 |
Spleen % | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.62 |
Abdominal fat % | 1.28 | 1.23 | 1.15 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 1.05 | 0.13 | 0.87 |
Heart % | 0.38 | 0.4 | 0.43 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.88 |
Parameters | Dietary Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | PC | AA | RI11 | RS5 | UL4 | |||
Villi height, μm | ||||||||
Duodenum | 1178.5 c | 1266.08 b,c | 1310.1 b | 1577.57 a | 1368.24 b | 1291.15 b | 20.99 | <0.0001 |
Jejunum | 893.71 d | 1000.45 c | 1058.58 b,c | 1117.61 a,b | 1142.34 a | 1183.97 a | 15.5 | <0.0001 |
Ileum | 611.43 d | 702.84 c | 839.08 b | 932.65 a | 886.69 a,b | 885.7 a,b | 17.11 | <0.0001 |
Crypt depth, μm | ||||||||
Duodenum | 239.76 a | 195.05 b,c | 180.67 b,c | 211.18 a,b | 174.45 c | 204.54 b,c | 5.02 | 0.001 |
Jejunum | 143.64 | 135.51 | 142 | 147.45 | 142.18 | 145.49 | 14.49 | 0.945 |
Ileum | 127.55 a | 100.77 b | 104.00 b | 98.19 b | 102.40 b | 111.94 a,b | 2.59 | 0.007 |
Villi height: Crypt depth | ||||||||
Duodenum | 4.9 c | 6.60 b | 7.40 a,b | 7.94 a | 8.16 a | 6.71 b | 0.20 | <0.0001 |
Jejunum | 6.35 b | 7.82 a | 7.82 a | 7.72 a | 8.26 a | 8.29 a | 0.19 | 0.040 |
Ileum | 4.95 c | 6.96 b | 8.45 a | 9.58 a | 8.71 a | 8.34 a | 0.26 | <0.0001 |
Parameters | Dietary Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | PC | AA | RI11 | RS5 | UL4 | |||
Total bacteria | 9.65 c | 9.90b c | 10.18 a,b | 10.25 a | 10.13 a,b | 10.23 a | 0.04 | 0.004 |
Lactobacillus | 7.79 c | 7.90b c | 8.07 b,c | 8.65 a | 8.26 b | 8.19 b | 0.06 | 0.002 |
Bifidobacterium | 4.48 b | 5.87 a | 6.29 a | 6.56 a | 6.48 a | 6.46 a | 0.17 | 0.001 |
Enterobacteriaceae | 7.57 a | 7.21 a,b | 6.35 c | 6.34 c | 6.70 b,c | 6.67 b,c | 0.11 | 0.001 |
Escherichia coli | 7.14a b | 7.71 a | 6.91 b | 6.67 b | 6.82 b | 7.07 b | 0.09 | 0.008 |
Enterococcus | 7.71 | 8.04 | 8.23 | 8.33 | 8.39 | 8.12 | 0.09 | 0.308 |
Salmonella | 3.26 a | 2.77 a | 2.38 a,b | 1.77 b | 2.39 a,b | 2.46 a,b | 0.13 | 0.034 |
Caecal pH | 6.14 a | 6.02 a,b | 5.91 b,c | 5.83 c | 5.88 b,c | 5.91 b,c | 0.03 | 0.009 |
Lactobacillus | Bifidobacterium | Enterobacteriaceae | E. coli | Salmonella | Caecum pH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus | 0.34 * | −0.33 * | −0.38 * | −0.37 * | −0.50 *** | |
Bifidobacterium | −0.38 * | −0.23 | −0.34 * | −0.55 *** | ||
Enterobacteriaceae | 0.69 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.45 ** | |||
E. coli | 0.32 * | 0.33 * | ||||
Salmonella | 0.48 *** | |||||
Caecum pH |
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Humam, A.M.; Loh, T.C.; Foo, H.L.; Samsudin, A.A.; Mustapha, N.M.; Zulkifli, I.; Izuddin, W.I. Effects of Feeding Different Postbiotics Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota Composition, Immune Status, and Growth Gene Expression in Broilers under Heat Stress. Animals 2019, 9, 644. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani9090644
Humam AM, Loh TC, Foo HL, Samsudin AA, Mustapha NM, Zulkifli I, Izuddin WI. Effects of Feeding Different Postbiotics Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota Composition, Immune Status, and Growth Gene Expression in Broilers under Heat Stress. Animals. 2019; 9(9):644. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani9090644
Chicago/Turabian StyleHumam, Ali Merzza, Teck Chwen Loh, Hooi Ling Foo, Anjas Asmara Samsudin, Noordin Mohamed Mustapha, Idrus Zulkifli, and Wan Ibrahim Izuddin. 2019. "Effects of Feeding Different Postbiotics Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota Composition, Immune Status, and Growth Gene Expression in Broilers under Heat Stress" Animals 9, no. 9: 644. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani9090644