S. epidermidis Isolates from a Tertiary Care Portuguese Hospital Show Very High Antibiotic Non-Susceptible Rates and Significant Ability to Form Biofilms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Identification of Clinical Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.3. Quantification of In Vitro Biofilm Formation
2.4. Gene Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Study Population and Antibiotic Therapy
3.2. Antibiotic Susceptibility Characteristics
3.3. Phenotypic and Virulence-Associated Genetic Traits
3.4. Analysis of Antibiotic Non-Susceptibility Against Biofilm-Forming Capacity and Biofilm-Mediating Genes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Oligonucleotide Sequence (5′ to 3′) | PCR Product Size (bp) |
---|---|---|
PCR amplification of methicillin-resistance gene | ||
mecA set 1 | Fw: CCG AAA CAA TGT GGA ATT GG | 600 |
Rv: TCA CCT GTT TGA GGG TGG AT | ||
mecA set 2 | Fw: GGC CAA TAC AGG AAC AGC AT | 425 |
Rv: CTG CAA CGA TTG TGA CAC G | ||
PCR amplification of biofilm-mediated genes | ||
icaA set 1 | Fw: TGC ACT CAA TGA GGG AAT CA | 417 |
Rv: TCA GGC ACT AAC ATC CAG CA | ||
icaA set 2 | Fw: TGC ACT CAA TGA GGG AAT CA | 132 |
Rv: TAA CTG CGC CTA ATT TTG GAT T | ||
aap set 1 | Fw: GCT CTC ATA ACG CCA CTT GC | 617 |
Rv: GGA CAG CCA CCT GGT ACA AC | ||
aap set 2 | Fw: GCA CCA GCT GTT GTT GTA CC | 199 |
Rv: GCA TGC CTG CTG ATA GTT CA | ||
bhp set 1 | Fw: TGG ACT CGT AGC TTC GTC CT | 213 |
Rv: TCT GCA GAT ACC CAG ACA ACC | ||
bhp set 2 | Fw: CGT TCC CTT GAT TGA GGT GT | 404 |
Rv: GTT ACG TGA ACG GGT CGA TT |
Patients’ Clinical Parameters | |
---|---|
Demographic characteristics | |
Age median (95% CI) in years | 46.0 (10.5–75.3) |
≤1 year (% of patients) | 24.4 |
>65 years (% of patients) | 39.5 |
Male gender (% of patients) | 57.0 |
Average length of hospitalization from admission to S. epidermidis Isolation (Number of days) | 25.0 |
Type of HAIs | |
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABIs) | 60.5 |
Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) | 18.6 |
Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) | 12.8 |
Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) | 8.1 |
Under antibiotic therapy (% of patients) | |
Pre-culture | 55.8 |
Post culture | 84.9 |
Source (% of isolates) | |
Blood | 84.9 |
CVC | 10.5 |
Other | 4.7 |
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Lopes, N.; Freitas, A.I.; Ramos, H.; Vasconcelos, C. S. epidermidis Isolates from a Tertiary Care Portuguese Hospital Show Very High Antibiotic Non-Susceptible Rates and Significant Ability to Form Biofilms. Appl. Microbiol. 2021, 1, 150-161. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/applmicrobiol1010012
Lopes N, Freitas AI, Ramos H, Vasconcelos C. S. epidermidis Isolates from a Tertiary Care Portuguese Hospital Show Very High Antibiotic Non-Susceptible Rates and Significant Ability to Form Biofilms. Applied Microbiology. 2021; 1(1):150-161. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/applmicrobiol1010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleLopes, Nathalie, Ana Isabel Freitas, Helena Ramos, and Carlos Vasconcelos. 2021. "S. epidermidis Isolates from a Tertiary Care Portuguese Hospital Show Very High Antibiotic Non-Susceptible Rates and Significant Ability to Form Biofilms" Applied Microbiology 1, no. 1: 150-161. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/applmicrobiol1010012