The Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles to Reduce Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Treatments Targeting Inflammation in Atherogenesis
3. The Potential of Nanoparticles as to Prevent and Treat Atherosclerosis and Related Complications
Nanoparticle | Target | Outcome | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
siRNA | |||
siRNA targeting CCR2 | Monocytes, macrophages. | Reduction of atherosclerosis Attenuated infarct inflammation, post-infarction left ventricular remodeling | [51,52] |
Sulphate-based nanoparticles | |||
Nanoparticles loaded with fluorescein isothiocyanate and/or pioglitazone. | Monocytes, macrophages. | Modified polarity of monocytes in the periphery. Decreased development of inflammatory macrophages. Destabilized atherosclerotic plaque and rupture. | [56] |
Lipid-based nanoparticles | |||
Lipid coated nanoparticles loaded with MTX | Macrophages, foam cells | Decreased plaque coverage in the aortic arch | [40] |
Library of LDL mimicking nanoparticles loaded with GW3965 | Monocytes and Macrophages for reversing cholesterol efflux. | Decreased total lipids in aortic macrophages. Decreased monocyte number. | [66] |
Lipid core nanoparticles carrying MTX and/or PTX | Macrophages | Decreased size of the plaque and of intima area. Reduced number of macrophages in aortic lesions. Downregulation of MMP-9 and TNF-α. | [20] |
Liposomal nanoparticles loaded with prednisolone | Macrophage lipid loading, ER stress and apoptosis | Lipotoxicity | [59] |
Lipid core nanoparticles carrying doxorubicin | Macrophages | Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferating effects | [60] |
Liposomes presenting PS | Macrophages | Shift toward anti-inflammatory phenotype with consequent improvement of myocardial healing | [65] |
Glycosaminoglycan | |||
Hyaluronan nanoparticles | Atherosclerotic plaque, macrophages | Decreased size of the atherosclerotic lesions. Decreased macrophage number. Increased collagen content. | [58,67] |
Other approaches | |||
Nanoparticles loaded with the EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) Ldlr, low density lipoprotein receptor) binding peptide AP-9. | EMMPRIN | Ameliorated heart contractility. Decreased cardiac necrosis. Decreased levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 | [68] |
Nanoparticles containing IL-10 and targeting peptide collagen IV | Collagen IV | Reduced oxidative stress in lesions. Stabilized atherosclerotic plaques. | [69] |
Magnetic microbubbles modified with P-selectin antibody | Endothelial cells | Leukocyte rolling | [61] |
Fumagillin nanoparticles | Vasa vasorum | Reduced neovascularization | [62,63] |
Iron oxide–cerium oxide core–shell nanoparticles | Macrophages | ROS scavenging with reduced atherosclerotic burden and improved myocardial healing | [64] |
4. Future Perspectives in the Application of Nanoparticles in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ApoE−/− | apolipoprotein E(Apoe) knockout |
CCR | C-C chemokine receptor |
CT | computed tomography |
CV | cardiovascular |
ER | endothelial reticulum |
gGT | gamma-glutamyl transferase |
HFD | high fat diet |
IL-10 | interleukin-10 |
LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
Ldlr | low density lipoprotein receptor |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
MTX | methotrexate |
NIR | near-infrared |
OI | optical imaging |
PEG | polyethylene glycol |
PET | positron emission tomography |
PPARγ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
PS | phosphatidylserine |
PTX | Paclitaxel |
RES | reticuloendothelial system |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SHP-1 | Src homology region 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 |
siRNA | small interfering RNA |
SPECT | single photon emission tomography |
TIMP3 | tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
US-PA | ultrasound and photoacoustic |
VCAM-1 | vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 |
Zr | Zirconium |
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Mahdavi Gorabi, A.; Kiaie, N.; Reiner, Ž.; Carbone, F.; Montecucco, F.; Sahebkar, A. The Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles to Reduce Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 416. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom9090416
Mahdavi Gorabi A, Kiaie N, Reiner Ž, Carbone F, Montecucco F, Sahebkar A. The Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles to Reduce Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(9):416. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom9090416
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahdavi Gorabi, Armita, Nasim Kiaie, Željko Reiner, Federico Carbone, Fabrizio Montecucco, and Amirhossein Sahebkar. 2019. "The Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles to Reduce Inflammation in Atherosclerosis" Biomolecules 9, no. 9: 416. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom9090416