Structural and Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Hallucinations in Lewy Body Disease: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Structural Brain Imaging
3.1.1. Voxel-Based Morphometry
3.1.2. Other Structural MRI Studies
3.1.3. Diffusion Tensor Imaging
3.2. Functional Brain Imaging
3.2.1. Task-Based fMRI
3.2.2. Resting-State fMRI
3.2.3. Positron Emission Tomography
3.2.4. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Study | Sample | Age 1 | Disease Duration (years) 1 | VH | MMSE 1 | H&Y | Neuroimaging Methods—VH | Main Results: Neuroimaging and VH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blanc et al. (2016) [26] | 28 pro-DLB | 67.5 (9.2) | NA | 60.7% DLB patients | 27.6 (2.1) | NA | Whole brain VBM Covariates: age, TIV, sex, group comparison | Grey matter volume p ≤ 0.005 uncorrected VH < NVH: L cuneus |
27 pro-AD | 69.3 (7.8) | 26.9 (1.9) | ||||||
33 HC | 72.4 (10.4) | 29.4 (0.9) | ||||||
Delli Pizzi et al. (2016) [41] | 19 DLB VH | 76.37 (4.35) | 2.95 (0.91) | NPI | 18.00 (4.83) | NA | ROI MRI ROIs: hippocampal substructures; covariates: age, ed., TIV; relationship with NPIhall | Grey matter volume Correlation with NPIhall: NS |
15 AD | 76.47 (7.17) | 3.00 (0.93) | 16.73 (6.31) | |||||
19 HC | 76.21 (4.49) | - | 27.58 (0.69) | |||||
Delli Pizzi et al. (2014) [43] | 18 DLB VH | 75.4 (4.0) 2 | 2.9 (0.6) 2 | NPI | 19.1 (2.6) 3,4 | NA | Cortical thickness Covariates: MMSE, CAF, and UPDRS; correlation with NPIhall (entire cortex and ROI where DLB ≠ AD) | Cortical thickness p < 0.05 corrected DLB VH < HC: bilat. pericalcarine, LG, cuneus, precuneus, SPG Correlation with NPIhall: R precuneus and SPG |
15 AD | 75.6 (7.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 18.3 (4.1) | |||||
14 HC | 75.5 (5.3) | - | 28.1 (1.6) | |||||
Delli Pizzi et al. (2014) [45] | 15 DLB VH | 76.3 (4.1) 2 | 2.9 (7) 2 | NPI | 17.7 (5.2) 4,5 | NA | DTI ROI Tractography-based subdivision of the thalami; nuisance factors: MMSE, CAF, and UPDRS; correlation with NPIhall | Grey matter MD DLB VH > HC: thalamic sub-regions project. to PFC and parieto-occipital cortex bilaterally; R thalamic region project. to amygdala; L thalamic region project. to motor cortex Positive association with NPIhall: R thalamus to parietal (VH freq. and sev.) and occipital cortices (VH sev.) |
15 AD | 76.1 (4.9) | 3.1 (6) | 16.7 (5.4) | |||||
13 HC | 76.0 (4.2) | - | 28.3 (1.5) | |||||
Franciotti et al. (2015) [16] | 15 sPD VH | 70 (6) 2 | 11.3 (4.3) 6,7 | NPI and semi-structured interview | 24.3 (2.2) 2 | 3.0 (0.5) 7 | Cortical thickness Analysis within DMN cortical regions; nuisance factor: age; group comparison Resting-state fMRI 8 | Cortical thicknesss sPD VH vs. sPD NVH: NS sPD VH < ePD: L SFS and IPL, bilat. MFG, LPC sPD VH < HC: L SFS, bilat. MFG, LPC, IPL, PCC sPD NVH < HC: R LPC, bilat. IPL, PCC |
15 sPD NVH | 68 (11) | 12.0 (4.5) 7 | 24.7 (1.8) | 3.0 (0.6) 7 | ||||
15 ePD NVH | 66 (9) | 3.3 (1.8) | 26.2 (1.8) | 2.1 (0.4) | ||||
15 MSA | 67 (5) | 3.9 (1.8) | 25.2 (1.7) | 3.2 (0.8) | ||||
15 HC | 69 (6) | - | 28.7 (0.7) | - | ||||
Gama et al. (2014) [35] | 11 PD VH | 70.6 (9.1) 2 | 7.4 (6.1) 2 | Based on definition of VH | 19.3 (3.7) 9 | From stage I to stage IV | ROI VBM ROIs (SVC): temporal and frontal regions; group comparisons | Grey matter volume p < 0.05 corrected VH < HC: L opercula and SFG NVH < HC: L SFG |
28 PD NVH | 65.7 (7.8) | 6.5 (5.0) | 25.6 (4.3) | |||||
10 HC | 68.1 (7.0) | - | 25.6 (4.3) | |||||
Goldman et al. (2014) [27] | 25 PD VH | 74.8 (6.0) 2 | 13.1 (4.6) 2 | MDS-UPDRS | 23.9 (5.4) 2 | 3 (2-5) 2,10 | Whole brain VBM Covariate: TIV; group comparison; association between regions where VH < NVH and VH sev. | Grey matter volume p < 0.01 uncorrected VH < NVH: bilat. occipital, occipito-temporal, and parietal regions Correlation with VH sev.: parietal, occipital, and occipito-temporal regions |
25 PD NVH | 75.4 (6.1) | 10.8 (4.4) | 25.1 (4.4) | 3 (2-5) 10 | ||||
Ibarretxe-Bilbao et al. (2010) [34] | 12 PD VH | 73.3 (5.9) 2 | 12.1 (5.7) 2 | Structured interview; NPI | 26.9 (1.9) 4,9,11 | 3.1 (1.1) 9 | Whole brain VBM Covariate: MMSE; comparison between baseline and follow-up in each group; correlations between atrophy progression and cognitive decline in PD VH | Grey matter loss form baseline to follow-up p < 0.05 corrected VH: bilat. parietal cortex, insula, STG, ITG, SFG, IFG, thalamus and limbic areas, L dorsal PCC NVH: R frontal areas and cerebellum Correlations with grey matter loss in PD VH: learning with L hippocampus, delayed recall with L prefrontal cortex, semantic fluency with L thalamus, language comprehension with L amygdala |
14 PD VH | 71.1 (5.7) | 11.9 (4.3) | 29.3 (1.6) | 2.3 (0.5) | ||||
12 HC | 70.7 (7.2) | - | 29.5 (2.6) | - | ||||
Ibarretxe-Bilbao et al. (2008) [32] | 16 PD VH | 73.5 (5.1) 2 | 12.9 (5.9) 2 | Structured interview | 26.0 (2.1) 4,9 | 3.2 (1.1) | ROI VBM ROI: hippocampus; group comparison; correlation analysis with cognitive measures | Grey matter density p < 0.05 corrected VH vs. NVH and NVH vs. HC: NS VH < HC: bilat. anterior hippocampus Correlation with grey matter loss in anterior hippocampus bilaterally: learning scores in patients with PD VH, but not PD NVH and PDD |
19 PD NVH | 72.5 (5.8) | 10.9 (4.2) | 28.2 (1.7) | 2.5 (0.7) | ||||
9 PDD | 69.8 (9.5) | 13.1 (5.4) | 15.7 (5.4) | 3.8 (1.0) 12 | ||||
56 HC | 73 (6.7) | - | 28.7 (3.1) | - | ||||
Iizuka and Kameyama (2016) [18] | 24 DLB | 73 (68, 79) 13 | 2.8 (1.8, 3.2) 13 | NPI | 23 (20.5, 24) 13 | NA | ROI MRI ROI: medial temporal lobe, correlation analysis PET 8 | Negative correlation with NPIhall in DLB: MTL atrophy |
24 AD | 74 (69, 81) 13 | 2.3 (1.6, 2.6) 13 | 23 (21, 24.5) 13 | |||||
Janzen et al. (2012) [28] | 13 PD VH | 66.0 (6.9) 2 | 11.5 (5.2) | SCOPA-PC | 28.0 (1.7) | 2.5 (0.3) 16 | ROI VBM ROI: thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus; covariates: age, TIV; group comparisons Whole brain VBM Post-hoc analysis; group comparisons | Grey matter volume ROI VBM p < 0.05 corrected PD VH < PD NVH: bilat. PPN PD/PDD VH < PD NVH: bilat. PPN and thalamus Whole brain VBM p < 0.001 uncorrected PD/PDD VH < PD NVH: PPN and thalamus DLB/PDD VH < PD VH: R MFC |
13 PDD VH | 67.7 (7.1) | 10.9 (5.5) | 21.2 (2.7) 12,14 | 3.5 (1.0) 12,14 | ||||
16 PD NVH | 64.3 (8.0) | 3.1 (3.6) | 28.9 (1.6) 15 | 2.1 (0.5) | ||||
11 DLB | 62.6 (6.5) | 4.6 (4.5) | 24.5 (1.4) | NA | ||||
Kantarci et al. (2010) [46] | 30 DLB | 71 (55, 85) 10 | NA | VH definition; 64% of DLB | 27 (14, 34) 10,17 | NA | DTI ROI ROI: cortical GM regions and white matter tracts; group comparisons | Mean diffusivity VH > NVH: ILF |
30 AD | 74 (48, 89) 10 | 24 (5, 33) 10,17 | ||||||
60 HC | 73 (54, 86) 10 | 36 (28, 38) 10,17 | ||||||
Kantarci et al. (2012) [19] | 21 DLB | 73 (60, 87) 10 | NA | Freq. of VH: 4 point scale90% of DLB | 22 (6, 29) 10 | NA | ROI MRI Association between freq. of VH and hippocampal volumes in DLB PET 8 | Hippocampal volume Association with VH freq.: NS |
21 AD | 77 (58, 92) 10 | 21 (6, 28) 10 | ||||||
42 HC | 74 (59, 87) 10 | 29 (27, 30) 10 | ||||||
Lee et al. (2016) [20] | 10 PD VH | 69.2 (5.2) 2 | 7.2 (3.7) 2 | Semi-structured interview | 27.7 (1.6) 2 | 2.2 (0.5) 2 | DTI ROI ROI: optic nerve, optic radiation bilaterally; group comparisons ROI MRI ROIs: optic chiasm area; LGN volume; V1 volume; each volume divided by TIV; group comparison | White matter integrity p < 0.016 corrected VH < HC: FA: L optic nerve FA NVH < HC: MD: bilat. optic nerve VH > NVH and HC: MD: L optic radiation VH > NVH: axial diffusivity: R optic nerve VH > HC: RD: L optic radiation Grey matter volume VH < NVH: volume: L LGN VH < HC: volume: bilat. LGN |
14 PD NVH | 66.1 (6.1) | 7.3 (3.7) | 28.4 (1.4) | 2.1 (0.5) | ||||
15 HC | 68.5 (6.6) | - | NA | - | ||||
Lee et al. (2017) [21] | 10 PD VH | 69.4 (5.3) 2 | 7.2 (3.7) 2 | Based on consensus criteria during clinical follow-up | 27.6 (1.8) | 2.2 (0.3) 12,14,16 | Whole brain VBM Covariates: age, gender, TIV; group comparisons; TBSS DTI Group comparisons; covariates: age, gender | Grey matter volume p < 0.001 uncorrected PD VH < PD NVH: R IPL, and SG White matter p < 0.05 corrected PD VH vs. PD NVH: FA: NS PD VH < HC: FA: fronto-temporo-parietal and brainstem regions bilaterally PD NVH < HC: FA: fronto-temporal-parietal areas, midbrain and pons bilaterally PD VH > HC: MD: L temporo-parietal, and lateral geniculate areas |
21 PD NVH | 66.2 (6.8) | 7.0 (4.2) | 28.2 (1.4) | 1.8 (0.5) | ||||
17 PDD VH | 71.1 (5.0) | 6.2 (3.0) | 20.4 (3.7) 12,14 | 2.8 (0.8) | ||||
30 HC | 68.6 (6.0) | - | NA | - | ||||
Meppelink et al. (2011) [24] | 11 PD VH | NA 2 | 8.0 (4.7) | NPI | NA 2 | NA | Whole brain VBM Group comparisons; covariates: total grey matter ROI MRI ROI: L FG | Grey matter volume Whole brain VBM p < 0.05 cluster-level corrected VH vs. NVH: NS VH < HC: L temporal areas, parietal, occipital, frontal regions bilaterally NVH < HC: L occipital, temporal regions, frontal and parietal regions bilaterally ROI: FG: NS |
13 PD NVH | NA | 7.9 (2.4) | NA | |||||
14 HC | NA | - | NA | |||||
Pagonabarraga et al. (2014) [29] | 17 PD mVH | 64.1 (9) 2 | 9.8 (7) 2 | MDS-UPDRS | 87.2 (13) 2, 18 | 1.9 (0.3) 2 | Whole brain VBM Covariates: age, gender, global grey matter volume; group comparisons; cluster threshold of 207 voxels determined through 1000 Monte Carlo simulations | Grey matter volume p < 0.001 uncorrected mVH < NVH: R vermis, and precuneus mVH > NVH: cerebellum, L IFC |
29 PD NVH | 66.3 (8) | 7.3 (4) | 90.3 (13) | 1.9 (0.4) | ||||
16 HC | 66.8 (8) | - | 91.6 (11) | - | ||||
Pereira et al. (2013) [42] | 6 PD VH | 73.7 (5.4) 2 | 12.9 (5.7) 2 | NPI | 26.1 (2) 4,9 | 3.1 (1) 2 | ROI MRI ROI: hippocampal subfields; correlations with cognitive measures | Grey matter volume VH vs. NVH: NS VH and NVH < HC: CA2-3, CA4-DG VH < HC: subiculum, whole hippocampus |
6 PD NVH | 73.8 (6.8) | 12.8 (6.3) | 27.9 (1.4) | 2.9 (0.9) | ||||
6 HC | 73.6 (6.7) | - | 27.9 (2.1) | - | ||||
Ramirez-Ruiz et al. (2007) [30] | 18 PD VH | PD matched with HC | 12.6 (5.6) 2 | NPI and structured questionnaire | 27.0 (2.1) 4,9 | 3.2 (1.0) 9 | Whole brain VBM Covariates: TIV, MMSE, Hamilton, and H&Y scores; group comparison | Grey matter volume p < 0.05 cluster-level corrected VH < NVH: L LG and bilat. SPL |
20 PD NVH | 10.6 (4.3) | 29.1 (1.4) | 2.5 (0.7) | |||||
21 HC | - | 29.4 (2.3) | - | |||||
Sanchez-Castaneda et al. (2010) [33] | 6 DLB VH | 70.17 (12.4) 2 | 32.8 (17.7) 19 | NPI and Burnes Questionnaire | 17.5 (5) 2 | 2.6 (0.5) 2 | ROI VBM ROI: frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal areas; covariates: TIV, disease duration, duration of dementia; group comparison; correlation analysis | Grey matter volume p < 0.05 corrected DLB VH < DLB NVH: R IFG PDD VH < PDD NVH: L OFC Correlations with VH sev. p < 0.05 corrected DLB: R IFG (r = 0.89), L precuneus (r = 0.95) PDD: NS |
6 DLB NVH | 70.6 (7.1) | 30 (11.8) 19 | 21.2 (8.1) | 3 (0.7) | ||||
8 PDD VH | 75.3 (4.9) | 40.5 (16.8) 19, 20 | 21.5 (3.5) | 2.8 (0.6) | ||||
7 PDD NVH | 70.6 (7.1) | 66 (24.8) 19 | 23.5 (4) | 2.6 (1) | ||||
Shin et al. (2012) [25] | 46 PD VH | 71.3 (5.9) 2 | 3.3 (3.0) 2 | NPI | 25.2 (3.0) 2 | NA | Whole brain VBM Group comparison; covariates: age, sex, PD duration, intracerebral volume, MMSE score ROI MRI Manually delineation of the ROI; group comparisons | Grey matter volume VBM VH < NVH p < 0.001 uncorrected R IFC, L temporal, and thalamic areas VH < HC p < 0.05 corrected Parahippocampal area, insular cortex ROI VH < NVH: SI volume Correlations with SI volume: verbal memory immediate, and delayed recall, semantic fluency, go/no-go tests |
64 PD NVH | 70.7 (5.7) | 2.8 (3.0) | 25.7 (2.9) | |||||
Watanabe et al. (2013) [31] | 13 PD VH | 66.6 (5.5) 2 | 10.0 (5.2) 2 | UPDRS I | 27.9 (1.9) 2 | 2.9 (0.6) 2 | Whole brain VBM Covariates: TIV, age, sex; group comparison | Grey matter volume VH < NVH p < 0.005 uncorrected Bilat. PFC, PFC, L ventral cingulate cortex, primary visual cortex, PCC, occipito-temporal regions, R parietal, temporal, occipital regions |
13 PD NVH | 63.6 (10.7) | 10.0 (4.0) | 29.0 (1.5) | 2.4 (0.8) | ||||
22 HC | 63.4 (6.1) | - | 29.8 (0.4) | - | ||||
Yao et al. (2016) [22] | 12 PD VH | 70 (64, 72.75) 2, 13 | 9.1 (3.5) 2 | PPRS | 28.5 (24, 29.75) 2,13 | 3.1 (0.7) 2 | ROI MRI Volume, and shape of the hippocampus; covariates: age, MMSE, intracranial volume; group comparison ROI DTI MD of the hippocampus; voxel-based MD of the hippocampus; covariates: age, MMSE; group comparison Resting-state fMRI 8 | Hippocampal volume and shape: NS VH > NVH and HC: MD: R hippocampus; voxel-based MD (p < 0.05 corrected): R posterior hippocampal regions |
15 PD NVH | 66 (62, 72) 2 | 7.1 (5.1) | 29 (28, 30) 13 | 2.9 (0.7) | ||||
14 HC | 63 (62, 68.75) 2 | - | 29 (28, 29.25) 13 | - | ||||
Yao et al. (2014) [17] | 12 PD VH | 67.6 (7.4) 2 | 10.0 (3.5) 2 | PPRS | 27.6 (2.4) 2 | 3.2 (0.7) 2 | Cortical thickness Covariates: age, MMSE score and levodopa-equivalent dosage; group comparison Resting-state fMRI 8 | Cortical thickness p < 0.05 cluster-level corrected No differences between groups |
12 PD NVH | 63.4 (7.4) | 8.4 (5.1) | 28.5 (1.7) | 2.8 (0.9) | ||||
14 HC | 64.1 (4.0) | - | 29.1 (0.7) | - |
Study | Sample | Age 1 | Disease Duration (years) 1 | VH | MMSE 1 | H&Y | Neuroimaging Methods—VH | Main Results: Neuroimaging and VH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boecker et al. (2007) [61] | 8 PD VH | 72.88 (6.60) 2 | 11.00 (6.46) 2 | NPI | 25.75 (1.67) 2 | 3.31 (0.59) 3 | FDG-PET Whole brain; covariate: UPDRS III; group comparison | Cerebral glucose metabolism p < 0.05 corrected VH < NVH: bilat. IPL, precuneus, L SG, MFG, MTG, parahippocampal gyrus, LG, R cingulate gyrus |
13 PD NVH | 70.56 (6.96) | 8.05 (5.85) | 26.82 (1.54) | 2.68 (1.54) | ||||
Erskine et al. (2015) [47] | 17 DLB | 81.5 (5.5) | NA | NPI | 19.0 (5.1) | NA | Task-based fMRI fMRI protocol: see Taylor et al. (2012) [23]; ROI: LGN; correlation analysis with NPIhall | fMRI activations Correlations between NPIhall and BOLD activation in the LGN: NS |
15 AD | 82.5 (9.2) | 20.8 (4.4) | ||||||
19 HC | 77.6 (7.1) | 29.0 (1.2) | ||||||
Firbank et al. (2016) [67] | 30 DLB | 76.4 (6.0) | 39.3 (27.9) 7 | NPI | 21.7 (4.2) | NA | FDG-PET Covariates: CAMCOG, UPDRS-III, disease duration; voxel-wise correlation with NPIhall | Cerebral glucose metabolism p < 0.05 cluster-level corrected VH sev. and freq. associated with occipital hypometabolism |
Franciotti et al. (2015) [16] | 15 sPD VH | 70 (6) 2 | 11.3 (4.3) 4,5 | NPI and semi-structured interview | 24.3 (2.2) 2 | 3.0 (0.5) 5 | Resting-state fMRI ICA (30 components), 9 ROIs centred on the DMN clusters; nuisance factor: age; fALFF of each ROI; group comparisons Cortical thickness 6 | Functional connectivity of ROIs centred on the DMN sPD VH > sPD NVH: L SFS – L IPL; LSFS – L IPL; LSFS – R IPL; L SFS – PCC; R SFS – L IPL; R SFS; R IPL; R SFS – PCC; L LPC – R LPC; L IPL – R IPL; L IPL – PCC; R IPL – PCC sPD VH > ePD NVH L SFS and L IPL fALFF sPD VH > sPD: R SFS, MFG, LPC, IPL; L MFG, IPL |
15 sPD NVH | 68 (11) | 12.0 (4.5) 5 | 24.7 (1.8) | 3.0 (0.6) 5 | ||||
15 ePD NVH | 66 (9) | 3.3 (1.8) | 26.2 (1.8) | 2.1 (0.4) | ||||
15 MSA | 67 (5) | 3.9 (1.8) | 25.2 (1.7) | 3.2 (0.8) | ||||
15 HC | 69 (6) | - | 28.7 (0.7) | - | ||||
Gasca-Salas et al. (2016) [62] | 9 PD VH | 70.7 (3.9) 2 | 14.7 (5.4) 2 | UPDRS I | 27 (1.7) 2 | NS differences | FDG-PET Whole brain; covariates: age, ed., group comparison | Cerebral glucose metabolism p < 0.05 corrected VH < NVH: R LG, ITG, precuneus, precentral gyrus, L postcentral gyrus, bilat. MOG |
12 PD NVH | 70.8 (3.4) | 14.3 (6.3) | 25.9 (2.7) | |||||
19 HC | 70.1 (3.1) | - | 29.1 (1.2) | |||||
Goetz et al. (2014) [54] | 1 PD VH | 66 | 4 | African tribesmen, chimpanzees, people in civil war uniform, catholic nuns | Intact cognitive function | NA | fMRI during VH VH during scan: African tribesmen and chimpanzees; event-related design; comparison between hallucination and non-hallucination | p < 0.001 uncorrected Increased activations during VH: bilat. ACC, PCC, insula, R medial frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, thalamus, brainstem Decreased activations during VH: R LG, FG, IOG, cingulate, L MFG, R STG |
Heitz et al. (2015) [73] | 36 DLB VH | 71.7 (10.2) 2 | NA | Assessed by expert neurologists | 21.7 (5.6) 2 | NA | SPECT [99mTc]ECD; covariates: age, type of tracer; voxel-based comparison; association between cerebral perfusion and sev. of VH | Cerebral perfusion p < 0.001 uncorrected VH < NVH: L ACC, orbitofrontal cortex, cuneus Association with VH sev.: bilat. ACC, R parahippocampal gyrus, L orbitofrontal cortex, L cuneus |
30 DLB NVH | 73.5 (6.9) | 23.3 (4.3) | ||||||
Holroyd and Wooten (2006) [48] | 3 PD VH | 69.7 (8.7) 2 | NA | Based on definition of VH | 31.7 (2.1) 2,8 | NA | Task-based fMRI Visual task: coloured geometric shapes moving in random directions; baseline: stationary crosshair; group comparison | fMRI activations VH > NVH: bilat. cuneus, LG, FG, and MTG VH < NVH: primary visual cortex |
3 PD NVH | 66.0 (2.7) | 34.3 (2.1) 8 | ||||||
Howard et al. (1997) [55] | 1 DLB VH | 74 | 18 7 | Markets, factories, busy roads, docks; no insight | 16 | NA | fMRI during VH VH during scan: pigeons, sparrows, pheasants; exposure to photic stimulation; comparison between hallucination, and hallucination-free state | Hallucination-free activations: V1 and V2 bilaterally Activations during VH: limited activation in V1 and V2 |
Iizuka and Kameyama (2016) [18] | 24 DLB | 73 (68, 79) 11 | 2.8 (1.8, 3.2) 11 | NPI | 23 (20.5, 24) 11 | NA | FDG-PET Voxel-wise; ROI: CIS ratio; SUVR in PCC and precuneus + cuneus; correlations with NPIhall Structural MRI 6 | Positive correlation with NPIhall in DLB: CIS ratio Negative correlation with NPIhall in DLB: SUVR in precuneus/cuneus |
24 AD | 74 (69, 81) 11 | 2.3 (1.6, 2.6) 11 | 23 (21, 24.5) 11 | |||||
Imamura et al. (1999) [65] | 16 DLB VH | 72.5 (4.6) 2 | 23.1 (13.0) 2,7 | NPI | 19.5 (3.9) | NA | FDG-PET 66 ROIs; covariate: MMSE | Cerebral metabolic rate of glucose VH > NVH: R posterior temporal and parietal areas |
6 DLB NVH | 72.8 (5.3) | 28.0 (14.4) 7 | 15.0 (3.0) | |||||
16 AD | 73.2 (4.6) | 22.2 (13.8) 7 | 19.7 (3.5) | |||||
Kantarci et al. (2012) [19] | 21 DLB | 73 (60, 87) 9 | NA | Freq. of VH: four-point scale 90% of DLB with VH | 22 (6, 29) 9 | NA | FDG-PET Association between FDG uptake and freq. of VH Structural MRI 6 | Cerebral glucose metabolism Negative association with VH freq.: occipital FDG uptake |
21 AD | 77 (58, 92) 9 | 21 (6, 28) 9 | ||||||
42 HC | 74 (59, 87) 9 | 29 (27, 30) 9 | ||||||
Kataoka et al. (2008) [78] | 1 PDD VH | 72 | NA | Well-formed objects, humans, animals; VH developed four years after the onset of parkinsonians symptoms | 27 10 | NA | SPECT during VH [99mTc]ECD; VH during scan: spider without delusions | Increased regional cerebral blood flow: L STG, MTG, IFG, and apex of R temporal lobe |
Lefebvre et al. (2016) [49] | 18 PD VH | 63.50 (5.94) 2 | 9.06 (4.11) 2 | NPI Minor VH | 28.00 (1.24) 2 | 2 (2, 2) 2,11 | Task-based fMRI Visual detection task (threshold evaluation): circular gratings; whole brain analysis; covariates: HDRS, TMT-B/TMT-A, Stroop error score | Behavioural results Visual detection threshold: NS fMRI activations at visual threshold p < 0.01 cluster-level corrected VH > NVH: R cerebellum, occipital cortex, PFC VH < NVH: L cingulate, temporal, occipital cortices, caudate nucleus |
16 PD NVH | 62.69 (4.09) | 8.00 (5.74) | 28.88 (1.20) | 2 (2, 2) 2,11 | ||||
17 HC | 62.76 (4.19) | - | 28.47 (1.70) | - | ||||
Lobotesis et al. (2001) [74] | 23 DLB | 79.4 (9) | 60.7 (32) 7 | Detailed psychiatric history 18 DLB VH | 16.0 (6.1) | NA | SPECT 99mTc-HMPAO; ROI: occipital hypoperfusion; group comparison | Regional cerebral blood flow VH vs. NVH: NS |
50 AD | 81.6 (7) | 83.1 (34) | 17.3 (5.5) | |||||
20 HC | 78.1 (5) | - | 28.4 (1.5) | |||||
Matsui et al. (2006) [70] | 31 PD VH | 71.1 (8.0) 2 | 10.9 (5.1) 3 | Clinical evaluation and information from patients and caregivers | 25.7 (3.2) 2 | 3.2 (0.4) 2 | SPECT [123I]IMP; group comparison; multivariate logistic regression analysis with disease duration and levodopa equivalent dose as explanatory variables | Brain perfusion VH < NVH: bilat. IPL, ITG, precuneus gyrus, occipital cortex Significant after correcting for disease duration and levodopa equivalent dose: bilat. precuneus, L IPL, R occipital cortex |
39 PD NVH | 69.0 (7.7) | 6.7 (5.7) | 26.4 (2.8) | 3.0 (0.6) | ||||
Meppelink et al. (2009) [51] | 9 PD VH | 61.2 (8.2) 2 | 8.1 (5.0) 2 | NPI and questionnaire based on VH characteristics in PD | 26.8 (1) 2 | NA | Task-based fMRI Perceptual recognition task: animals, well-known objects, and meaningless objects gradually popping out; covariates: movement parameters | Behavioural results VH vs. NVH (both PD groups were slower than HC): NS; images recognised: VH 76%; NVH 86% fMRI activations During pop-out: NS between groups p < 0.001 cluster-level corrected Before pop-out: VH < NVH: R SFG, L LG, bilat. FG |
14 PD NVH | 64.6 (7.8) | 8.7 (4.7) | 27.4 (1.3) | |||||
13 HC | 58.5 (7.5) | - | 27.9 (0.9) | |||||
Miyazawa et al. (2010) [69] | 22 DLB | 74.5 (6.9) | NA | Reported by patients and relatives 10/ in group A, and 4/ in group B | NA | FDG-PET Two groups: (A) hypermetab. in peri-motor areas, cerebellum, and basal ganglia; (B) hypermetab. in none, one, or two regions; group comparison in VH freq. | Visual hallucinations more frequent in group A | |
Group A | 74.8 (6.44) 2 | 16.2 (6.95) 2 | ||||||
Group B | 76.6 (6.29) | 21.0 (5.67) | ||||||
Nagahama et al. (2010) [75] | 100 DLB | 76.7 (6.7) | NA | Semi-structured interview Factor 3: hallucination of person and feeling of presence Factor 4: hallucination of animals, insects and objects | 21.0 (3.9) | NA | DLB patients: Factor analysis, four factors of psychotic symptoms identified SPECT ROIs DLB ≠ HC; relationship between psychotic symptoms factors and regional cerebral blood flow; covariates: age, sex, MMSE, UPDRS-III, dysphoria | Regional cerebral blood flow Areas of hypoperfusion associated to factor 3 compared to the others: bilat. angular gyrus, R SG, L ventral occipital gyrus No areas of hypoperfusion associated to factor 4 |
21 HC | 77.2 (4.8) | - | ||||||
Nagano-Saito et al. (2004) [63] | 8 PD VH | 67.6 (6.2) 2 | 8.6 (5.0) 2 | NA | 28.3 (1.8) 2 | 3.6 (0.9) 2 | FDG-PET Whole brain; ROI: dorsolateral PFC, primary visual cortex, occipital association cortex, primary motor cortex; group comparison | Relative regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose p < 0.05 cluster-level corrected VH > NVH: L SFG ROI: dorsal PFC |
11 PD NVH | 66.0 (7.5) | 5.1 (3.8) | 28.5 (1.7) | 3.2 (0.5) | ||||
13 HC | 66.2 (4.9) | - | 29.1 (1.0) | - | ||||
O’Brien et al. (2005) [77] | 15 DLB | 73.8 (7) | 2.8 (2.1) | NPIhall decreased over one year | 16.5 (4) | NA | SPECT 99mTc-HMPAO; changes after one year; multiple regression between change in perfusion and change in NPIhall | Change in perfusion p < 0.05 cluster-level corrected DLB/PDD: negative association between hallucination score and perfusion in L PCC and precuneus |
14 PDD | 71.9 (6) | 2.9 (2.8) | 20.9 (4) | |||||
Oishi et al. (2005) [71] | 24 PD VH | 69.5 (7.2) 2 | 11.1 (5.0) 2 | Clinical evaluation and information from patients and caregivers | 25.1 (3.7) 2 | 3.3 (0.5) 2 | SPECT [123I]IMP; voxel-by-voxel comparison; covariates: MMSE, duration of disease | Regional cerebral blood flow p < 0.05 corrected VH < NVH: R FG |
41 PD NVH | 68.6 (7.3) | 9.1 (5.0) | 26.5 (3.1) | 3.0 (0.5) | ||||
Osaki et al. (2005) [72] | 20 PD | 60.0 (11.3) | 8.4 (4.2) | Structured clinical assessment 9 PD with VH, 10 PDD with VH | 26.4 (4.1) | NA | SPECT [123I]IMP; 23 ROIs: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital areas, pons; group comparison | Regional cerebral blood flow VH vs. NVH: NS |
10 PDD | 61.0 (8.5) | 11.6 (4.1) | 17.4 (6.3) | |||||
Park et al. (2013) [64] | 7 PD VH | 71.0 (4.7) 2 | 5.4 (3.5) 2 | NPI | 26.1 (1.7) 12 | 2 .0 (0.0) 2 | FDG-PET Whole brain; group comparison; whole brain correlation with NPIhall | Cerebral glucose metabolism p < 0.001 uncorrected VH < NVH: bilat. middle and inferior temporal cortex, L LG, and L angular gyrus CI VH < NVH: temporo-parieto-occipital cortices Negative correlation with NPI hallucinations score: glucose metabolism in bilat. STG, L FG, L Heschl’s gyrus |
8 PD CI VH | 67.8 (6.8) | 6.8 (3.1) | 21.6 (5.1) | 2.2 (0.7) | ||||
13 NVH | 66.3 (5.0) | 5.1 (3.1) | 26.9 (1.4) | 1.5 (0.8) | ||||
Pasquier et al. (2002) [76] | 34 DLB | 73.8 (8) | 3.3 (2.5) | NPI 26 DLB VH | 17.1 (6.7) | NA | SPECT [99mTc]ECD; ROI: R and L occipital region; group comparison | Cerebral perfusion VH < NVH: R occipital region |
28 AD | 76.3 (7.3) | 3.4 (2.7) | 15.8 (6.5) | |||||
Peraza et al. (2014) [57] | 16 DLB | 76.2 (5.7) | NA | NPI | 24.2 (3.75) | NA | Resting-state fMRI Covariates: age, sex, grey matter; regression of sev. and freq. of VH with seeded significant cluster from dual regression DLB < HC | Association with NPIhall: L fronto-parietal, and sensory-motor networks (uncorrected) No association with temporal resting-state network |
17 HC | 77.3 (4.7) | 29.1 (0.83) | ||||||
Peraza et al. (2015) [58] | 18 DLB | 77.2 (6.18) | NA | NPI | 23.6 (3.9) | NA | Resting-state fMRI Graph analysis; correlation between NPIhall and integrated networks measures | No association between integrated network measures and NPIhall Correlation with NPIhall: node degree (L postcentral gyrus, putamen), nodal betweenness centrality (R intracalcarine cortex and FG) |
19 AD | 74.7 (8.5) | 22.58 (2.9) | ||||||
17 HC | 76.8 (5.7) | 29.1 (0.85) | ||||||
Perneczky et al. (2008) [66] | 14 DLB VH | 69.86 (6.76) 2 | 5.85 (4.88) 2 | NPI | 19.57 (5.27) 2 | NA | FDG-PET Whole brain; covariate: MMSE, UPDRS III, group comparison | Relative cerebral metabolic rate of glucose p < 0.001 uncorrected VH < NVH: R temporo-occipital conjunction, and MFG |
7 DLB NVH | 68.86 (3.02) | 5.71 (2.67) | 23.14 (2.55) | |||||
16 HC | 65 (8) | - | 30 (0) | |||||
Ramirez-Ruiz et al. (2008) [52] | 10 PD VH | 73 (1.9) 2 | 11.1 (1.7) 2 | Presence of VHs at least seven times per week, NPI | 25.8 (0.6) 3,13 | 3.1 (0.4) 2 | Task-based fMRI One back repetition detection task (face recognition); group comparison | Behavioural results VH < NVH: number of correct responses VH > NVH: false-positive recognition fMRI activations p < 0.05 cluster-level corrected VH < NVH: R IFG (controlling for antipsychotic intake) and SFG VH > NVH: R IFG |
10 PD NVH | 72.5 (1.9) | 11 (1.5) | 29.4 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.2) | ||||
10 HC | 71.6 (1.6) | - | 29.9 (0.5) | - | ||||
Shine et al. (2015) [59] | 10 PD pBPP | 69.5 (8) 2 | 6.9 (4) 2 | MDS criteria for VH Patients with high % of misperceptions on the BPP (PD pBPP, based on a cut score) also presented VH | 26.0 (3) 2,14 | NA | Resting-state fMRI ROI: DAN, DMN, VAN, visual network; multiple regression analysis between BPP error scale, strength of mental imagery, and strength of connectivity within and between each network | BPP error score and strength of mental imagery predicted increased connectivity within the VAN and DMN, and decreased connectivity between the DAN and VAN, and the VAN and visual network, and DAN and visual network. BPP error score predicted increased connectivity within VAN and DMN, and impaired connectivity between the VAN and DAN. Strength of mental imagery was related to degree of impaired connectivity between the VAN and visual network |
9 PD nBPP | 67.1 (7) | 4.4 (3) | 27.6 (2) 14 | |||||
10 HC | 63.5 (8) | - | 28.5 (1) 14 | |||||
Shine et al. (2015) [53] | 21 PD pBPP | 69.3 (6) 2 | 6.0 (3) 2 | UPDRS-II, SCOPA-PC Patients with high % of misperceptions on the BPP (PD pBPP, based on a cut score) also presented VH | 27.2 (2) 2,14 | 2.2 (1) 2 | Task-based fMRI BPP paradigm during fMRI; ICA, networks of interest: DMN, DAN, VAN, VIS; activity during correct stable items; comparison in BOLD signal between misperceptions and correct stable images; functional coupling between networks; group comparisons | Activity during correctly identified stable items: Increased activity in the VIS, VH vs. NVH: VIS, DMN, VAN: NS; decreased activity in DAN Activity during misperceptions: decreased activity in the DAN Misperceptions vs. correct stable images in VH: visual misperception increased activity in VAN, DMN Functional coupling between networks during misperceptions in VH: increase in functional coupling between DMN and VIS; decreased in functional coupling between DAN and DMN, and VAN |
14 PD nBPP | 66.3 (5) | 4.7 (4) | 28.6 (2) 14 | 2.1 (1) | ||||
Stebbins et al. (2004) [50] | 12 PD VH | 71.08 (6.39) 2 | 13.92 (4.89) 2 | Self-report, NPI, SAPS | 26.17 (2.25) 2 | 3 (2–4) 2,9 | Task-based fMRI Stroboscopic task; kinematic task (apparent motion); whole brain and SVC; covariate: MMSE; group comparisons | fMRI activations Whole brain, p < 0.001 uncorrected Stroboscopic stimulation: NVH > VH: L IPL, R cingulate gyrus VH > NVH: R IFG, R caudate nucleus Kinematic stimulation: NVH > VH: R middle temporal/occipital lobe, R cingulate gyrus, bilat. SG, L IPL VH > NVH: L SFG SMV during apparent kinematic stimulation, p < 0.05 corrected VH < NVH: area V5/MT |
12 PD NVH | 73.25 (7.58) | 11.17 (3.90) | 27.96 (2.09) | 3 (2–4) | ||||
Taylor et al. (2012) [23] | 17 DLB | 81.2 (5.6) | 45.4 (32.2) 7,15 | NPI | 18.8 (5.1) | NA | Task-based fMRI Passively view of simple visual stimuli (checkboards, pictures of objects, moving dot fields); block design; whole brain analysis; ROIs: V5/MT, V1, V2, and V3 combined, ROI in the lateral occipital cortex; correlation between fMRI beta values in the ROIs and NPIhall ASL-MRI Perfusion; voxel-based analysis; ROI: same as fMRI analysis, precuneus and superior lateral occipital region; correlation between ASL perfusion and NPIhall | fMRI activations No correlation with NPIhall Perfusion Negative association with NPIhall: V4 perfusion |
19 HC | 77.6 (7.1) | - | 29.0 (1.2) | |||||
Uchiyama et al. (2015) [68] | 11 PD VH | 68.3 (1.6) 2 | 6.2 (1.1) 2 | NPI | 27.6 (0.6) 2 | 3.0 (2, 4) 3 | FDG-PET Covariates: age and sex; whole brain correlation analysis with NPIhall | Glucose cerebral metabolic rate p < 0.001 uncorrected Negative correlation with NPIhall: metabolism in the L IPL |
42 PD NVH | 65.5 (1.0) | 6.3 (0.6) | 28.2 (0.3) | 2.5 (1, 4) | ||||
24 HC | 68.0 (1.0) | - | 28.6 (0.3) | - | ||||
Yao et al. (2016) [22] | 12 PD VH | 70 (64, 72.75) 2, 11 | 9.1 (3.5) 2 | PPRS VH duration: 2.4 (1.1) years | 28.5 (24, 29.75) 2, 11 | 3.1 (0.7) 2 | Resting-state fMRI Seed-based approach: hippocampus FC; covariates: age, MMSE; correlation between cognitive tests and mean FC scores in clusters where FC was different between VH and NVH (controlling for age and visual accuracy scores) Structural MRI and DTI (ROI) 6 | Functional connectivity of the hippocampus p < 0.05 corrected VH < NVH: R hippocampus: occipital, temporal regions; L hippocampus: temporal, occipital regions, and cerebellum VH > NVH: R hippocampus: frontal and temporal regions; L hippocampus: frontal and parietal regions Negative correlation between R hippocampal FC with R occipital gyrus, and medial temporal lobe and visuospatial memory performance |
15 PD NVH | 66 (62, 72) 11 | 7.1 (5.1) | 29 (28, 30) 11 | 2.9 (0.7) | ||||
14 HC | 63 (62, 68.75) 11 | - | 29 (28, 29.25) 11 | - | ||||
Yao et al. (2015) [60] | 12 PD VH | 67.6 (7.4) 2 | 10.0 (3.5) 2 | PPRS VH duration: 22.6 (17.3) months | 27.6 (2.4) 2 | 3.2 (0.7) 2 | Resting-state fMRI ALFF; FC seed-region based on ALFF analysis (occipital lobe) | ALFF p < 0.05 corrected VH < NVH: occipital lobe: LG, cuneus bilaterally VH > NVH: R cerebellum posterior lobe, MTL, IPL/STL Functional connectivity of occipital seed-region VH > NVH: bilat. IFG, SFG, MFG, medial frontal gyrus and STL; R STG, caudate/thalamus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/ventral medial PFC |
12 PD NVH | 63.4 (7.4) | 8.4 (5.1) | 28.5 (1.7) | 2.8 (0.9) | ||||
14 HC | 64.1 (4.0) | - | 29.1 (0.7) | - | ||||
Yao et al. (2014) [17] | 12 PD VH | 67.6 (7.4) 2 | 10.0 (3.5) 2 | PPRS VH duration: 22.6 (17.3) months | 27.6 (2.4) 2 | 3.2 (0.7) 2 | Resting-state fMRI Covariates: age, MMSE score, and levodopa-equivalent dosage; ICA (40 components) FC in the DMN; group comparison; correlation between VH sev. and FC in the clusters that differed between PD groups Cortical thickness 6 | Functional connectivity in the DMN p < 0.05 corrected VH > NVH: L and R precuneus/ PCC, R superior middle frontal lobe No correlation with VH |
12 PD NVH | 63.4 (7.4) | 8.4 (5.1) | 28.5 (1.7) | 2.8 (0.9) | ||||
14 HC | 64.1 (4.0) | - | 29.1 (0.7) | - |
References
- Dickson, D.W.; Braak, H.; Duda, J.E.; Duyckaerts, C.; Gasser, T.; Halliday, G.M.; Hardy, J.; Leverenz, J.B.; Del Tredici, K.; Wszolek, Z.K.; et al. Neuropathological assessment of parkinson’s disease: Refining the diagnostic criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2009, 8, 1150–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lippa, C.F.; Duda, J.E.; Grossman, M.; Hurtig, H.I.; Aarsland, D.; Boeve, B.F.; Brooks, D.J.; Dickson, D.W.; Dubois, B.; Emre, M.; et al. Dlb and pdd boundary issues: Diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers. Neurology 2007, 68, 812–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aarsland, D. Cognitive impairment in parkinson’s disease and dementia with lewy bodies. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2016, 22 (Suppl. 1), S144–S148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McKeith, I.G.; Dickson, D.W.; Lowe, J.; Emre, M.; O’Brien, J.T.; Feldman, H.; Cummings, J.; Duda, J.E.; Lippa, C.; Perry, E.K.; et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with lewy bodies: Third report of the dlb consortium. Neurology 2005, 65, 1863–1872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Collerton, D.; Perry, E.; McKeith, I. Why people see things that are not there: A novel perception and attention deficit model for recurrent complex visual hallucinations. Behav. Brain Sci. 2005, 28, 737–757; discussion 757–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mosimann, U.P.; Rowan, E.N.; Partington, C.E.; Collerton, D.; Littlewood, E.; O’Brien, J.T.; Burn, D.J.; McKeith, I.G. Characteristics of visual hallucinations in parkinson disease dementia and dementia with lewy bodies. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2006, 14, 153–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Onofrj, M.; Taylor, J.P.; Monaco, D.; Franciotti, R.; Anzellotti, F.; Bonanni, L.; Onofrj, V.; Thomas, A. Visual hallucinations in pd and lewy body dementias: Old and new hypotheses. Behav. Neurol. 2013, 27, 479–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Diederich, N.J.; Fenelon, G.; Stebbins, G.; Goetz, C.G. Hallucinations in parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2009, 5, 331–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tiraboschi, P.; Salmon, D.P.; Hansen, L.A.; Hofstetter, R.C.; Thal, L.J.; Corey-Bloom, J. What best differentiates lewy body from alzheimer’s disease in early-stage dementia? Brain 2006, 129, 729–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Williams, D.R.; Lees, A.J. Visual hallucinations in the diagnosis of idiopathic parkinson’s disease: A retrospective autopsy study. Lancet Neurol. 2005, 4, 605–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harding, A.J.; Broe, G.A.; Halliday, G.M. Visual hallucinations in lewy body disease relate to lewy bodies in the temporal lobe. Brain 2002, 125, 391–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harding, A.J.; Stimson, E.; Henderson, J.M.; Halliday, G.M. Clinical correlates of selective pathology in the amygdala of patients with parkinson’s disease. Brain 2002, 125, 2431–2445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papapetropoulos, S.; McCorquodale, D.S.; Gonzalez, J.; Jean-Gilles, L.; Mash, D.C. Cortical and amygdalar lewy body burden in parkinson’s disease patients with visual hallucinations. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2006, 12, 253–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The prisma statement. PLoS Med. 2009, 6, e1000097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Welton, T.; Kent, D.; Constantinescu, C.S.; Auer, D.P.; Dineen, R.A. Functionally relevant white matter degradation in multiple sclerosis: A tract-based spatial meta-analysis. Radiology 2015, 275, 89–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Franciotti, R.; Delli Pizzi, S.; Perfetti, B.; Tartaro, A.; Bonanni, L.; Thomas, A.; Weis, L.; Biundo, R.; Antonini, A.; Onofrj, M. Default mode network links to visual hallucinations: A comparison between parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. Mov. Disord. 2015, 30, 1237–1247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yao, N.; Shek-Kwan Chang, R.; Cheung, C.; Pang, S.; Lau, K.K.; Suckling, J.; Rowe, J.B.; Yu, K.; Ka-Fung Mak, H.; Chua, S.E.; et al. The default mode network is disrupted in parkinson’s disease with visual hallucinations. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2014, 35, 5658–5666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iizuka, T.; Kameyama, M. Cingulate island sign on fdg-pet is associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy in dementia with lewy bodies. Ann. Nucl. Med. 2016, 30, 421–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kantarci, K.; Lowe, V.J.; Boeve, B.F.; Weigand, S.D.; Senjem, M.L.; Przybelski, S.A.; Dickson, D.W.; Parisi, J.E.; Knopman, D.S.; Smith, G.E.; et al. Multimodality imaging characteristics of dementia with lewy bodies. Neurobiol. Aging 2012, 33, 2091–2105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.Y.; Yoon, E.J.; Lee, W.W.; Kim, Y.K.; Jeon, B. Lateral geniculate atrophy in parkinson’s with visual hallucination: A trans-synaptic degeneration? Mov. Disord. 2016, 31, 547–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, W.W.; Yoon, E.J.; Lee, J.Y.; Park, S.W.; Kim, Y.K. Visual hallucination and pattern of brain degeneration in parkinson’s disease. Neurodegener. Dis. 2017, 17, 63–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yao, N.; Cheung, C.; Pang, S.; Shek-kwan Chang, R.; Lau, K.K.; Suckling, J.; Yu, K.; Ka-Fung Mak, H.; Chua, S.E.; Ho, S.L.; et al. Multimodal mri of the hippocampus in parkinson’s disease with visual hallucinations. Brain Struct. Funct. 2016, 221, 287–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taylor, J.P.; Firbank, M.J.; He, J.; Barnett, N.; Pearce, S.; Livingstone, A.; Vuong, Q.; McKeith, I.G.; O’Brien, J.T. Visual cortex in dementia with lewy bodies: Magnetic resonance imaging study. Br. J. Psychiatry 2012, 200, 491–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meppelink, A.M.; de Jong, B.M.; Teune, L.K.; van Laar, T. Regional cortical grey matter loss in parkinson’s disease without dementia is independent from visual hallucinations. Mov. Disord. 2011, 26, 142–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shin, S.; Lee, J.E.; Hong, J.Y.; Sunwoo, M.K.; Sohn, Y.H.; Lee, P.H. Neuroanatomical substrates of visual hallucinations in patients with non-demented parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2012, 83, 1155–1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blanc, F.; Colloby, S.J.; Cretin, B.; de Sousa, P.L.; Demuynck, C.; O’Brien, J.T.; Martin-Hunyadi, C.; McKeith, I.; Philippi, N.; Taylor, J.P. Grey matter atrophy in prodromal stage of dementia with lewy bodies and alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 2016, 8, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goldman, J.G.; Stebbins, G.T.; Dinh, V.; Bernard, B.; Merkitch, D.; de Toledo-Morrell, L.; Goetz, C.G. Visuoperceptive region atrophy independent of cognitive status in patients with parkinson’s disease with hallucinations. Brain 2014, 137, 849–859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janzen, J.; van ’t Ent, D.; Lemstra, A.W.; Berendse, H.W.; Barkhof, F.; Foncke, E.M. The pedunculopontine nucleus is related to visual hallucinations in parkinson’s disease: Preliminary results of a voxel-based morphometry study. J. Neurol. 2012, 259, 147–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pagonabarraga, J.; Soriano-Mas, C.; Llebaria, G.; Lopez-Sola, M.; Pujol, J.; Kulisevsky, J. Neural correlates of minor hallucinations in non-demented patients with parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2014, 20, 290–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramirez-Ruiz, B.; Marti, M.J.; Tolosa, E.; Gimenez, M.; Bargallo, N.; Valldeoriola, F.; Junque, C. Cerebral atrophy in parkinson’s disease patients with visual hallucinations. Eur. J. Neurol. 2007, 14, 750–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Watanabe, H.; Senda, J.; Kato, S.; Ito, M.; Atsuta, N.; Hara, K.; Tsuboi, T.; Katsuno, M.; Nakamura, T.; Hirayama, M.; et al. Cortical and subcortical brain atrophy in parkinson’s disease with visual hallucination. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28, 1732–1736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ibarretxe-Bilbao, N.; Ramirez-Ruiz, B.; Tolosa, E.; Marti, M.J.; Valldeoriola, F.; Bargallo, N.; Junque, C. Hippocampal head atrophy predominance in parkinson’s disease with hallucinations and with dementia. J. Neurol. 2008, 255, 1324–1331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanchez-Castaneda, C.; Rene, R.; Ramirez-Ruiz, B.; Campdelacreu, J.; Gascon, J.; Falcon, C.; Calopa, M.; Jauma, S.; Juncadella, M.; Junque, C. Frontal and associative visual areas related to visual hallucinations in dementia with lewy bodies and parkinson’s disease with dementia. Mov. Disord. 2010, 25, 615–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ibarretxe-Bilbao, N.; Ramirez-Ruiz, B.; Junque, C.; Marti, M.J.; Valldeoriola, F.; Bargallo, N.; Juanes, S.; Tolosa, E. Differential progression of brain atrophy in parkinson’s disease with and without visual hallucinations. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2010, 81, 650–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gama, R.L.; Bruin, V.M.; Tavora, D.G.; Duran, F.L.; Bittencourt, L.; Tufik, S. Structural brain abnormalities in patients with parkinson’s disease with visual hallucinations: A comparative voxel-based analysis. Brain Cogn. 2014, 87, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; McHugh, P.R. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1975, 12, 189–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoehn, M.M.; Yahr, M.D. Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 2001, 57, S11–S26. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Hamilton, M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1960, 23, 56–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fahn, S.; Elton, R.L. Members of the unified parkinson’s disease rating scale development committee: Unified parkinson’s disease rating scale. In Recent Developments in Parkinson’s Disease; Fahn, S., Marsden, C.D., Calne, D.B., Goldstein, M., Eds.; McMillan Healthcare Information: New York, NY, USA, 1987; pp. 153–164. [Google Scholar]
- Beck, A.T.; Steer, R.A. Internal consistencies of the original and revised beck depression inventory. J. Clin. Psychol. 1984, 40, 1365–1367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delli Pizzi, S.; Franciotti, R.; Bubbico, G.; Thomas, A.; Onofrj, M.; Bonanni, L. Atrophy of hippocampal subfields and adjacent extrahippocampal structures in dementia with lewy bodies and alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016, 40, 103–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereira, J.B.; Junque, C.; Bartres-Faz, D.; Ramirez-Ruiz, B.; Marti, M.J.; Tolosa, E. Regional vulnerability of hippocampal subfields and memory deficits in parkinson’s disease. Hippocampus 2013, 23, 720–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delli Pizzi, S.; Franciotti, R.; Tartaro, A.; Caulo, M.; Thomas, A.; Onofrj, M.; Bonanni, L. Structural alteration of the dorsal visual network in dlb patients with visual hallucinations: A cortical thickness mri study. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e86624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cummings, J.L.; Mega, M.; Gray, K.; Rosenberg-Thompson, S.; Carusi, D.A.; Gornbein, J. The neuropsychiatric inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994, 44, 2308–2314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delli Pizzi, S.; Maruotti, V.; Taylor, J.P.; Franciotti, R.; Caulo, M.; Tartaro, A.; Thomas, A.; Onofrj, M.; Bonanni, L. Relevance of subcortical visual pathways disruption to visual symptoms in dementia with lewy bodies. Cortex 2014, 59, 12–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kantarci, K.; Avula, R.; Senjem, M.L.; Samikoglu, A.R.; Zhang, B.; Weigand, S.D.; Przybelski, S.A.; Edmonson, H.A.; Vemuri, P.; Knopman, D.S.; et al. Dementia with lewy bodies and alzheimer disease: Neurodegenerative patterns characterized by dti. Neurology 2010, 74, 1814–1821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Erskine, D.; Taylor, J.P.; Firbank, M.J.; Patterson, L.; Onofrj, M.; O’Brien, J.T.; McKeith, I.G.; Attems, J.; Thomas, A.J.; Morris, C.M.; et al. Changes to the lateral geniculate nucleus in alzheimer’s disease but not dementia with lewy bodies. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holroyd, S.; Wooten, G.F. Preliminary fmri evidence of visual system dysfunction in parkinson’s disease patients with visual hallucinations. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2006, 18, 402–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lefebvre, S.; Baille, G.; Jardri, R.; Plomhause, L.; Szaffarczyk, S.; Defebvre, L.; Thomas, P.; Delmaire, C.; Pins, D.; Dujardin, K. Hallucinations and conscious access to visual inputs in parkinson’s disease. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 36284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stebbins, G.T.; Goetz, C.G.; Carrillo, M.C.; Bangen, K.J.; Turner, D.A.; Glover, G.H.; Gabrieli, J.D. Altered cortical visual processing in pd with hallucinations: An fmri study. Neurology 2004, 63, 1409–1416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meppelink, A.M.; de Jong, B.M.; Renken, R.; Leenders, K.L.; Cornelissen, F.W.; van Laar, T. Impaired visual processing preceding image recognition in parkinson’s disease patients with visual hallucinations. Brain 2009, 132, 2980–2993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramirez-Ruiz, B.; Marti, M.J.; Tolosa, E.; Falcon, C.; Bargallo, N.; Valldeoriola, F.; Junque, C. Brain response to complex visual stimuli in parkinson’s patients with hallucinations: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Mov. Disord. 2008, 23, 2335–2343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shine, J.M.; Muller, A.L.; O’Callaghan, C.; Hornberger, M.; Halliday, G.M.; Lewis, S.J.G. Abnormal connectivity between the default mode and the visual system underlies the manifestation of visual hallucinations in parkinson’s disease: A task-based fmri study. npj Parkinson’s Dis. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goetz, C.G.; Vaughan, C.L.; Goldman, J.G.; Stebbins, G.T. I finally see what you see: Parkinson’s disease visual hallucinations captured with functional neuroimaging. Mov. Disord. 2014, 29, 115–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Howard, R.; David, A.; Woodruff, P.; Mellers, I.; Wright, J.; Brammer, M.; Bullmore, E.; Williams, S. Seeing visual hallucinations with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 1997, 8, 73–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shine, J.M.; Halliday, G.H.; Carlos, M.; Naismith, S.L.; Lewis, S.J. Investigating visual misperceptions in parkinson’s disease: A novel behavioral paradigm. Mov. Disord. 2012, 27, 500–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peraza, L.R.; Kaiser, M.; Firbank, M.; Graziadio, S.; Bonanni, L.; Onofrj, M.; Colloby, S.J.; Blamire, A.; O’Brien, J.; Taylor, J.P. Fmri resting state networks and their association with cognitive fluctuations in dementia with lewy bodies. Neuroimage Clin. 2014, 4, 558–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peraza, L.R.; Taylor, J.P.; Kaiser, M. Divergent brain functional network alterations in dementia with lewy bodies and alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 2015, 36, 2458–2467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shine, J.M.; Keogh, R.; O’Callaghan, C.; Muller, A.J.; Lewis, S.J.; Pearson, J. Imagine that: Elevated sensory strength of mental imagery in individuals with parkinson’s disease and visual hallucinations. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2015, 282, 20142047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yao, N.; Pang, S.; Cheung, C.; Chang, R.S.; Lau, K.K.; Suckling, J.; Yu, K.; Mak, H.K.; McAlonan, G.; Ho, S.L.; et al. Resting activity in visual and corticostriatal pathways in parkinson’s disease with hallucinations. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2015, 21, 131–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boecker, H.; Ceballos-Baumann, A.O.; Volk, D.; Conrad, B.; Forstl, H.; Haussermann, P. Metabolic alterations in patients with parkinson disease and visual hallucinations. Arch. Neurol. 2007, 64, 984–988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gasca-Salas, C.; Clavero, P.; Garcia-Garcia, D.; Obeso, J.A.; Rodriguez-Oroz, M.C. Significance of visual hallucinations and cerebral hypometabolism in the risk of dementia in parkinson’s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2016, 37, 968–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nagano-Saito, A.; Washimi, Y.; Arahata, Y.; Iwai, K.; Kawatsu, S.; Ito, K.; Nakamura, A.; Abe, Y.; Yamada, T.; Kato, T.; et al. Visual hallucination in parkinson’s disease with fdg pet. Mov. Disord. 2004, 19, 801–806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, H.K.; Kim, J.S.; Im, K.C.; Kim, M.J.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, M.C.; Kim, J.; Chung, S.J. Visual hallucinations and cognitive impairment in parkinson’s disease. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 2013, 40, 657–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Imamura, T.; Ishii, K.; Hirono, N.; Hashimoto, M.; Tanimukai, S.; Kazuai, H.; Hanihara, T.; Sasaki, M.; Mori, E. Visual hallucinations and regional cerebral metabolism in dementia with lewy bodies (DLB). Neuroreport 1999, 10, 1903–1907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perneczky, R.; Drzezga, A.; Boecker, H.; Forstl, H.; Kurz, A.; Haussermann, P. Cerebral metabolic dysfunction in patients with dementia with lewy bodies and visual hallucinations. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2008, 25, 531–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Firbank, M.J.; Lloyd, J.; O’Brien, J.T. The relationship between hallucinations and fdg-pet in dementia with lewy bodies. Brain Imaging Behav. 2016, 10, 636–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uchiyama, M.; Nishio, Y.; Yokoi, K.; Hosokai, Y.; Takeda, A.; Mori, E. Pareidolia in parkinson’s disease without dementia: A positron emission tomography study. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2015, 21, 603–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miyazawa, N.; Shinohara, T.; Nagasaka, T.; Hayashi, M. Hypermetabolism in patients with dementia with lewy bodies. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2010, 35, 490–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matsui, H.; Nishinaka, K.; Oda, M.; Hara, N.; Komatsu, K.; Kubori, T.; Udaka, F. Hypoperfusion of the visual pathway in parkinsonian patients with visual hallucinations. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21, 2140–2144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oishi, N.; Udaka, F.; Kameyama, M.; Sawamoto, N.; Hashikawa, K.; Fukuyama, H. Regional cerebral blood flow in parkinson disease with nonpsychotic visual hallucinations. Neurology 2005, 65, 1708–1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Osaki, Y.; Morita, Y.; Fukumoto, M.; Akagi, N.; Yoshida, S.; Doi, Y. Three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection spect analysis in parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Mov. Disord. 2005, 20, 999–1005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heitz, C.; Noblet, V.; Cretin, B.; Philippi, N.; Kremer, L.; Stackfleth, M.; Hubele, F.; Armspach, J.P.; Namer, I.; Blanc, F. Neural correlates of visual hallucinations in dementia with lewy bodies. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 2015, 7, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lobotesis, K.; Fenwick, J.D.; Phipps, A.; Ryman, A.; Swann, A.; Ballard, C.; McKeith, I.G.; O’Brien, J.T. Occipital hypoperfusion on spect in dementia with lewy bodies but not ad. Neurology 2001, 56, 643–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nagahama, Y.; Okina, T.; Suzuki, N.; Matsuda, M. Neural correlates of psychotic symptoms in dementia with lewy bodies. Brain 2010, 133, 557–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pasquier, J.; Michel, B.F.; Brenot-Rossi, I.; Hassan-Sebbag, N.; Sauvan, R.; Gastaut, J.L. Value of (99m)Tc-ecd spet for the diagnosis of dementia with lewy bodies. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 2002, 29, 1342–1348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Brien, J.T.; Firbank, M.J.; Mosimann, U.P.; Burn, D.J.; McKeith, I.G. Change in perfusion, hallucinations and fluctuations in consciousness in dementia with lewy bodies. Psychiatry Res. 2005, 139, 79–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kataoka, H.; Furiya, Y.; Morikawa, M.; Ueno, S.; Inoue, M. Increased temporal blood flow associated with visual hallucinations in parkinson’s disease with dementia. Mov. Disord. 2008, 23, 464–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cagnin, A.; Gnoato, F.; Jelcic, N.; Favaretto, S.; Zarantonello, G.; Ermani, M.; Dam, M. Clinical and cognitive correlates of visual hallucinations in dementia with lewy bodies. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2013, 84, 505–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grossi, D.; Trojano, L.; Pellecchia, M.T.; Amboni, M.; Fragassi, N.A.; Barone, P. Frontal dysfunction contributes to the genesis of hallucinations in non-demented parkinsonian patients. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2005, 20, 668–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hepp, D.H.; da Hora, C.C.; Koene, T.; Uitdehaag, B.M.; van den Heuvel, O.A.; Klein, M.; van de Berg, W.D.; Berendse, H.W.; Foncke, E.M. Cognitive correlates of visual hallucinations in non-demented parkinson’s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2013, 19, 795–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santangelo, G.; Trojano, L.; Vitale, C.; Ianniciello, M.; Amboni, M.; Grossi, D.; Barone, P. A neuropsychological longitudinal study in parkinson’s patients with and without hallucinations. Mov. Disord. 2007, 22, 2418–2425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shine, J.M.; Halliday, G.M.; Naismith, S.L.; Lewis, S.J. Visual misperceptions and hallucinations in parkinson’s disease: Dysfunction of attentional control networks? Mov. Disord. 2011, 26, 2154–2159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burghaus, L.; Eggers, C.; Timmermann, L.; Fink, G.R.; Diederich, N.J. Hallucinations in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2012, 18, 149–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koerts, J.; Borg, M.A.; Meppelink, A.M.; Leenders, K.L.; van Beilen, M.; van Laar, T. Attentional and perceptual impairments in parkinson’s disease with visual hallucinations. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2010, 16, 270–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mori, E.; Shimomura, T.; Fujimori, M.; Hirono, N.; Imamura, T.; Hashimoto, M.; Tanimukai, S.; Kazui, H.; Hanihara, T. Visuoperceptual impairment in dementia with lewy bodies. Arch. Neurol. 2000, 57, 489–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mosimann, U.P.; Mather, G.; Wesnes, K.A.; O’Brien, J.T.; Burn, D.J.; McKeith, I.G. Visual perception in parkinson disease dementia and dementia with lewy bodies. Neurology 2004, 63, 2091–2096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Catani, M.; Thiebaut de Schotten, M. A diffusion tensor imaging tractography atlas for virtual in vivo dissections. Cortex 2008, 44, 1105–1132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burton, E.J.; Mukaetova-Ladinska, E.B.; Perry, R.H.; Jaros, E.; Barber, R.; O’Brien, J.T. Neuropathological correlates of volumetric mri in autopsy-confirmed lewy body dementia. Neurobiol. Aging 2012, 33, 1228–1236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cordato, N.J.; Halliday, G.M.; Harding, A.J.; Hely, M.A.; Morris, J.G. Regional brain atrophy in progressive supranuclear palsy and lewy body disease. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47, 718–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zatorre, R.J.; Fields, R.D.; Johansen-Berg, H. Plasticity in gray and white: Neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nat. Neurosci. 2012, 15, 528–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fenelon, G.; Alves, G. Epidemiology of psychosis in parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 2010, 289, 12–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fenelon, G.; Mahieux, F.; Huon, R.; Ziegler, M. Hallucinations in parkinson’s disease: Prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain 2000, 123, 733–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aarsland, D.; Andersen, K.; Larsen, J.P.; Lolk, A.; Kragh-Sorensen, P. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in parkinson disease: An 8-year prospective study. Arch. Neurol. 2003, 60, 387–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnes, J.; Boubert, L.; Harris, J.; Lee, A.; David, A.S. Reality monitoring and visual hallucinations in parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41, 565–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramirez-Ruiz, B.; Junque, C.; Marti, M.J.; Valldeoriola, F.; Tolosa, E. Neuropsychological deficits in parkinson’s disease patients with visual hallucinations. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21, 1483–1487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramirez-Ruiz, B.; Junque, C.; Marti, M.J.; Valldeoriola, F.; Tolosa, E. Cognitive changes in parkinson’s disease patients with visual hallucinations. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2007, 23, 281–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnes, J.; Boubert, L. Executive functions are impaired in patients with parkinson’s disease with visual hallucinations. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2008, 79, 190–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ozer, F.; Meral, H.; Hanoglu, L.; Ozturk, O.; Aydemir, T.; Cetin, S.; Atmaca, B.; Tiras, R. Cognitive impairment patterns in parkinson’s disease with visual hallucinations. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2007, 14, 742–746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mosimann, U.P.; Collerton, D.; Dudley, R.; Meyer, T.D.; Graham, G.; Dean, J.L.; Bearn, D.; Killen, A.; Dickinson, L.; Clarke, M.P.; et al. A semi-structured interview to assess visual hallucinations in older people. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2008, 23, 712–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Brain Regions | GM Volume | Functional Connectivity | Task-Related BOLD Activation | Glucose Metabolism | Brain Perfusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frontal | ↓ | ↑ | ↑↓ | ↓↑ | |
Parietal | ↓ | ↑ | ↓↑ | ||
Temporal | ↓↑ | ||||
Occipito- temporal | ↓ | ↓↑ | ↓ | ||
Occipital | ↓↑ | ↓ |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pezzoli, S.; Cagnin, A.; Bandmann, O.; Venneri, A. Structural and Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Hallucinations in Lewy Body Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. Brain Sci. 2017, 7, 84. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/brainsci7070084
Pezzoli S, Cagnin A, Bandmann O, Venneri A. Structural and Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Hallucinations in Lewy Body Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. Brain Sciences. 2017; 7(7):84. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/brainsci7070084
Chicago/Turabian StylePezzoli, Stefania, Annachiara Cagnin, Oliver Bandmann, and Annalena Venneri. 2017. "Structural and Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Hallucinations in Lewy Body Disease: A Systematic Literature Review" Brain Sciences 7, no. 7: 84. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/brainsci7070084