The Most Common Location of Schools with Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Clusters in Taiwan, 2011–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Policy
2.2. Definition of Confirmed Cases
2.3. Data Source
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogens | Year | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 n = 76 | 2012 n = 72 | 2013 n = 118 | 2014 n = 154 | 2015 n = 178 | 2016 n = 166 | 2017 n = 358 | 2018 n = 255 | 2019 n = 487 | 2011–2019 n = 1864 | |
Single influenza A virus | ||||||||||
Influenza A (H1N1) virus | 14 | 5 | 30 | 17 | 16 | 43 | 5 | 16 | 75 | 221 |
Influenza A (H3N2) virus | 1 | 31 | 34 | 21 | 95 | 30 | 200 | 76 | 58 | 546 |
Influenza A virus—RIDTs analysis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 34 | 23 | 107 | 170 |
Single influenza B virus | ||||||||||
Influenza B virus | 26 | 9 | 1 | 48 | 26 | 13 | 32 | 41 | 72 | 268 |
Influenza B virus—RIDTs analysis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 45 | 57 |
Mixed Influenza virus | ||||||||||
Influenza A (H1N1) virus + Influenza A (H3N2) virus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Influenza A (H1N1) virus + Influenza B virus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Influenza A (H3N2) virus + Influenza B virus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
Influenza A virus—RIDTs analysis + Influenza B virus—RIDTs analysis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 13 |
Other pathogens | 14 | 5 | 15 | 13 | 8 | 20 | 28 | 31 | 15 | 149 |
Routine test—pathogens not detected | 15 | 14 | 27 | 49 | 25 | 56 | 38 | 52 | 65 | 341 |
Sample not collected | 4 | 7 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 4 | 37 | 79 |
Pathogens | Year | p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 n = 57 | 2012 n = 51 | 2013 n = 80 | 2014 n = 102 | 2015 n = 150 | 2016 n = 110 | 2017 n = 310 | 2018 n = 199 | 2019 n = 385 | ||
Single influenza A virus | 15 | 36 | 64 | 38 | 115 | 75 | 239 | 115 | 240 | <0.001 |
Single influenza B virus | 26 | 9 | 1 | 48 | 26 | 13 | 34 | 51 | 117 | |
Mixed influenza virus | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 13 | |
a Other pathogens | 14 | 5 | 15 | 13 | 8 | 20 | 28 | 31 | 15 |
Pathogens | Year | p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 n = 14 | 2012 n = 5 | 2013 n = 15 | 2014 n = 13 | 2015 n = 8 | 2016 n = 20 | 2017 n = 28 | 2018 * n = 22 | 2019 n = 15 | ||
Respiratory Syncytial Virus | 4 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 0.01 |
Adenovirus | 6 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 11 | 6 | |
Enterovirus | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | |
Rhinovirus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | |
Adenovirus + Respiratory Syncytial Virus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | |
Enterovirus + Respiratory Syncytial Virus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | |
Human Metapneumovirus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | |
Adenovirus + Human Metapneumovirus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | |
Parainfluenza Virus + Mycoplasma | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 |
InstitutionCategories | Year | p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 n = 76 | 2012 n = 72 | 2013 n = 118 | 2014 n = 154 | 2015 n = 178 | 2016 n = 166 | 2017 n = 358 | 2018 n = 255 | 2019 n = 487 | ||
Schools | 38 | 11 | 64 | 89 | 62 | 38 | 165 | 127 | 339 | <0.001 |
Populous institutions | 24 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 70 | 64 | 135 | 86 | 91 | |
Hospitals | 8 | 18 | 12 | 25 | 38 | 61 | 45 | 38 | 44 | |
Military camps | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 9 | |
Others a | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 4 |
Variables | Year | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
Influenza A virus | |||||||||
HIN1 | |||||||||
A/California/07/2009 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
A/Michigan/45/2015 | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
A/Brisbane/02/2018 | √ | ||||||||
H3N2 | |||||||||
A/Perth/16/2009 | √ | ||||||||
A/Victoria/361/2011 | √ | √ | |||||||
A/Texas/50/2012 | √ | √ | |||||||
A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 | √ | √ | |||||||
A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 | √ | ||||||||
A/Singapore/INFIMH-16–0019/2016 | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
A/Switzerland/8060/2017 | √ | √ | |||||||
Influenza B virus | |||||||||
B/Brisbane/60/2008 (B/Vic) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B/Florida/4/2006 (B/Yam) | √ | ||||||||
B/Malaysia/2506/2004 (B/Vic) | √ | ||||||||
B/Wisconsin/01/2010 (B/Yam) | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
B/Massachusetts/02/2012 (B/Yam) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
B/PHUKET/3073/2013 (B/Yam) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
B/Colorado/06/2017 (B/Vic) | √ | ||||||||
B/Colorado/06/2017 (B/Vic) | √ | ||||||||
B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Vic) | √ |
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Lin, F.-H.; Chou, Y.-C.; Chien, W.-C.; Chung, C.-H.; Hsieh, C.-J.; Yu, C.-P. The Most Common Location of Schools with Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Clusters in Taiwan, 2011–2019. Children 2022, 9, 720. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children9050720
Lin F-H, Chou Y-C, Chien W-C, Chung C-H, Hsieh C-J, Yu C-P. The Most Common Location of Schools with Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Clusters in Taiwan, 2011–2019. Children. 2022; 9(5):720. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children9050720
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Fu-Huang, Yu-Ching Chou, Wu-Chien Chien, Chi-Hsiang Chung, Chi-Jeng Hsieh, and Chia-Peng Yu. 2022. "The Most Common Location of Schools with Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Clusters in Taiwan, 2011–2019" Children 9, no. 5: 720. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children9050720