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Communication

Role of Halogen Substituents on Halogen Bonding in 4,5-DiBromohexahydro-3a,6-Epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-ones

1
Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
2
Department of Chemistry, Baku State University, Z. Khalilov Str. 23, Baku 1148, Azerbaijan
3
Organic Chemistry Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia
4
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
5
Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31, Bld. 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Submission received: 3 January 2021 / Revised: 23 January 2021 / Accepted: 23 January 2021 / Published: 26 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Halogen Bonding)

Abstract

:
A series of 4,5-dibromo-2-(4-substituted phenyl)hexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-ones were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding 2-(4-substituted phenyl)-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(6H)-ones with [(Me2NCOMe)2H]Br3 in dry chloroform under reflux for 3−5 h. In contrast to the 4-F and 4-Cl substituents, one of the bromine atoms of the isoindole moiety behaves as a halogen bond donor in the formation of intermolecular halogen bonding in the 4-H, 4-Br and 4-I analogues. Not only intermolecular hydrogen bonds, but also Ha⋯Ha and Ha⋯π types of halogen bonds in the 4-H, 4-Br, and 4-I compounds, contribute to the formation of supramolecular architectures leading to 2D or 3D structures.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Halogen bonding (R−Ha⋯Nu) is an important intermolecular interaction for the control and improvement of functional properties of materials [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. The strength of halogen bonding Ha⋯Nu increases in the order F ≪ Cl < Br < I (with the increase of the polarizability of Ha) and with the electron-withdrawing character of R, as well as with the nucleophilicity of Nu at R−Ha⋯Nu [4]. The directionality of halogen bonding is much higher than that of the hydrogen bonding, and is dependent on R, Ha, and Nu [4]. In view of the high directionality and other bonding parameters (tunability, hydrophobicity, and donor atom dimensions), the halogen bonds have become a useful tool in synthesis, catalysis, crystal engineering, drug design, molecular recognition, material chemistry, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Thus, a variety of Ha⋯Ha, Ha⋯Ch (Ch = chalcogen), Ha⋯Pn (Pn = pnictogen), Ha⋯π or Ha⋯anion synthons have been found in organic and coordination compounds [14]. Among them, the Br⋯Ha type of halogen bonding is a promising tool for controllable building of supramolecular architectures with predetermined structures and functional properties [2,4,15,16,17,18].
In particular, the effect of R on the halogen bonding at R−Ha⋯Nu has been theoretically studied and successfully applied in catalysis, molecular recognition, crystal engineering, etc. [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. In addition, the role/behavior of the attached halogen atom in organic compounds can be classified into the following types: (i) as an electron withdrawing substituent, (ii) as a halogen bond donor center, and (iii) as a noncovalent bond acceptor site.
On the other hand, the isoindole synthon is an important structural unit in many natural products and bioactive compounds, as well as a useful building-block for the construction of new N-containing heterocyclic compounds [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. For instance, heterocyclic compounds containing isoindole moieties have demonstrated a promising biological action and pharmacological activity as pathogen antagonists [29]. The isoindole motif can also be involved as a versatile and powerful intermediate for the synthesis of various chiral heterocyclic compounds with unique properties [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Thus, the functionalization of isoindole moieties with noncovalent bond donor/acceptor sites can improve their photophysical properties [27], bioactivity [32], coordination ability [35,36], etc.
In this communication, our goal is to study the role of both electron withdrawing character and halogen bond donor ability of halogen atoms on Br⋯Ha (Ha = F, Cl, Br, I) interactions in a series of crystals of 4,5-dibromo-2-(4-substituted phenyl)hexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-ones (3a–e) (Scheme 1).

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials and Instrumentation

All the chemicals were obtained from commercial sources (Acros Organics, Alfa Aesar) and used as received. Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were performed using a Eurovector EA 3000 (CHNS) elemental analyzer and were within ± 0.4% of theoretical values. The infrared spectra (4000–400 cm−1) were recorded on an IR-Fourier spectrometer Infralum FT-801 in KBr pellets. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded at room temperature on a Jeol JNM-ECA spectrometer operating at 600.2 and 150.9 MHz for 1H and 13C, respectively. The chemical shifts are reported in ppm using residual solvent peaks of chloroform as the internal references. Liquid chromatography mass spectra were taken on Thermo DSQ II-Focus GC (EI ionization, 200 °C source temperature, 70 eV, RTX-5MS column, helium carrier gas). Electrospray mass spectra (ESI-MS) were taken on Shimadzu LCMS-8040, equipped with dual ion source (DUIS) in electrospray positive mode (interface voltage 4.5 kV, nebulizer gas flow 2 L/min, drying gas flow 15 L/min, desolvation line temperature 250 °C, heating block temperature 400 °C).

2.2. Synthesis

2.2.1. Synthesis of 3a,6-epoxy-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydroisoindol-1-ones (2d,e)

General method: A solution of Et3N (16.7 mL, 0.12 mol), acryloyl chloride (7.3 mL, 0.09 mol), and the corresponding amine 1 (0.06 mol) in toluene (100 mL) was heated under reflux for 7 h (TLC control, EtOAc–hexane, 1:1, Sorbfil). The mixture was cooled and poured into H2O (100 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with AcOEt (3 × 50 mL). The organic fractions were combined and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized from a hexane–AcOEt (for 2d) or EtOH–AcOEt mixture (for 2e).
(3aRS,6RS,7aSR)-2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(6H)-one (2d). Yield 42%, m.p. 174–175 °C, beige thin plates. 1H NMR (600.2 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.54 (d, J~9.1 Hz, 2H, H-3, H-5 Harom.), 7.46 (d, J~9.1 Hz, 2H, H-4, H-6 Harom.), 6.47–6.44 (m, 2H, H-4, H-5), 5.10 (d, J~4.5 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.43 (d, J~11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (d, J~11.3 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.63 (dd, J~3.5 Hz, J~8.6 Hz, 1H, H-7a), 2.29 (dt, J~3.5 Hz, J~12.1 Hz, 1H, H-7A), 1.67 (dd, J~8.6 Hz, J~12.1 Hz, 1H, H-7B) (see Figure S1). 13C NMR (150.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.4, 138.4, 137.5 (2Carom.), 132.8, 131.8, 121.4 (2Carom.), 117.3, 87.8, 79.2, 50.6, 48.7, 28.9 (see Figure S1). IR (KBr): 1693 (NC=O). MS (EI, 70 eV): m/z = 307 [M+] (82) (Br81), 305 [M+] (83) (Br79), 276 (8), 250 (10), 171 (15), 155 (9), 134 (14), 81 (100), 55 (61), 53 (60). Anal. Calcd for C14H12BrNO2: C, 54.95; H, 3.95; N, 4.58. Found: C, 54.91; H, 3.90; N, 4.69.
(3aRS,6RS,7aSR)-2-(4-Iodophenyl)-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(6H)-one (2e). Yield 51%, m.p. 185–186 °C, light beige fine needles. 1H NMR (600.2 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.67 (d, J~8.9 Hz, 2H, H-3, H-5 Harom.), 7.44 (d, J~8.9 Hz, 2H, H-4, H-6 Harom.), 6.48-6.46 (m, 2H, H-4, H-5), 5.12 (dd, J~4.5 Hz, J~1.5 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.43 (d, J~11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J~11.1 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.63 (dd, J~3.5 Hz, J~8.8 Hz, 1H, H-7a), 2.29 (dt, J~3.5 Hz, J~11.6 Hz, 1H, H-7A), 1.67 (dd, J~8.8 Hz, J~11.6 Hz, 1H, H-7B) (see Figure S2). 13C NMR (150.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.5, 139.1, 137.8 (2Carom.), 137.5, 132.8, 121.7 (2Carom.), 88.2, 87.8, 79.2, 50.6, 48.7, 28.9 (see Figure S2). IR (KBr): 1680 (NC=O). MS (EI, 70 eV): m/z = 353 [M+] (100), 324 (10), 202 (4), 81 (46), 63 (7), 55 (42), 53 (35), 51 (8). Anal. Calcd for C14H12INO2: C, 47.61; H, 3.43; N, 3.97. Found: C, 47.56; H, 3.37; N, 4.09.

2.2.2. Synthesis of 3a–e

Synthesis of 4,5-dibromohexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-ones 3a–f (general method): The solution of the corresponding isoindolone 2a–f (1.2 mmol) and the brominating agent (1.32 mmol) in 3 mL of dry chloroform was heated under reflux for 3−5 h (TLC control, EtOAc–hexane, 1:1). The reaction mixture was poured into H2O (50 mL), extracted with CHCl3 (3 × 20 mL), and combined organic parts were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4; the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized from a hexane–AcOEt mixture.
(3aRS,4SR,5SR,6RS,7aSR)-4,5-Dibromo-2-phenylhexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-one (3a). Yield 35%, m.p. 186−187 °C (decomp.), colorless prisms. 1H NMR (600.2 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62 (d, J~7.5 Hz, 2H, H-2, H-6 Harom.), 7.39 (t, J~7.5 Hz, 2H, H-3, H-5 Ph Harom.), 7.19 (t, J~7.5 Hz, 1H, H-4 Harom.), 4.75 (t, J~5.1 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.51 (ddd, J~1.4 Hz, J~2.7 Hz, J~5.1 Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.25 (d, J~2.7 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.10 (d, J~11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (d, J~11.7 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.94 (dd, J~4.8 Hz, J ~9.6 Hz, 1H, H-7a), 2.79 (dd, J~9.6 Hz, J~13.4 Hz, 1H, H-7B), 2.31 (ddt, J~1.4 Hz, J~13.4 Hz, J~4.8 Hz, 1H, H-7A) (see Figure S3). 13C NMR (150.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.2, 138.6, 129.0, 125.2 (2Carom.), 120.1 (2Carom.), 89.0, 80.9, 55.8, 54.0, 50.7, 49.5, 30.8 (see Figure S3). IR (KBr): 1671 (NC=O). MS (EI, 70 eV): m/z = 389 [M+] (81Br) (51), 387 [M+] (84) (81Br, 79Br), 385 [M+] (79Br) (51), 385 (46), 308 (62), 227 (24), 209 (11), 198 (18), 183 (18), 144 (14), 119 (14), 106 (38), 104 (58), 91 (14), 81 (50), 77 (100), 65 (34), 55 (51), 51 (40). Anal. Calcd for C14H13Br2NO2: C, 43.44; H, 3.39; N, 3.62. Found: C, 43.40; H, 3.33; N, 3.74.
(3aRS,4SR,5SR,6RS,7aSR)-4,5-Dibromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)hexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-one (3b). Yield 20 %, m.p. > 195 °C (decomp.), colorless fine needles. 1H NMR (600.2 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.59−7.57 (m, 2H, H-3, H-5 Harom.), 7.10−7.07 (m, 2H, H-2, H-6 Harom.), 4.76 (t, J~5.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.51 (ddd, J~5.0 Hz, J~1.0 Hz, J~2.5 Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.25 (d, J~2.5 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.09 (d, J~11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J~11.6 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.95 (dd, J~4.5 Hz, J~9.6 Hz, 1H, H-7a), 2.80 (dd, J~9.6 Hz, J~13.1 Hz, 1H, H-7B), 2.30 (ddt, J~13.1 Hz, J~1.0 Hz, J~4.5 Hz, 1H, H-7A) (see Figure S4). 13C NMR (150.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.1, 159.8 (d, J~245.6 Hz), 134.7 (d, J~2.9 Hz), 122.1 (d, J~7.2 Hz, 2C), 115.7 (d, J~20.2 Hz, 2C), 88.9, 80.9, 55.6, 53.9, 51.0, 49.4, 30.8 (see Figure S4). 19F NMR (564.7 MHz, CDCl3) δ −116.3. IR (KBr): 1703 (NC=O). MS (ESI): m/z = 406 [M + H+]. Anal. Calcd for C14H12Br2FNO2: C, 41.51; H, 2.99; N, 3.46. Found: C, 41.47; H, 2.94; N, 3.55.
(3aRS,4SR,5SR,6RS,7aSR)-4,5-Dibromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)hexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-one (3c). Yield 25%, m.p. 191−192 °C, colorless plates. 1H NMR (600.2 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.58 (d, J~9.1 Hz, 2H, H-3, H-5 Harom.), 7.35 (d, J~9.1 Hz, 2H, H-2, H-6 Harom.), 4.76 (t, J~5.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.51 (ddd, J~5.0 Hz, J~1.0 Hz, J~2.5 Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.24 (d, J~2.5 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.07 (d, J~11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J~11.6 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.94 (dd, J~4.5 Hz, J~9.6 Hz, 1H, H-7a), 2.80 (dd, J~9.6 Hz, J~13.1 Hz, 1H, H-7B), 2.30 (ddt, J~13.1 Hz, J~1.0 Hz, J~4.5 Hz, 1H, H-7A) (see Figure S5). 13C NMR (150.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.2, 137.2, 130.2, 129.0 (2C), 121.1 (2C), 88.8, 80.9, 55.6, 53.8, 50.6, 49.5, 30.8 (see Figure S5). IR (KBr): 1694 (NC=O). MS (ESI): m/z = 422 [M + H+] (Cl35), 424 [M + H+] (Cl37). Anal. Calcd for C14H12Br2ClNO2: C, 39.89; H, 2.87; N, 3.32. Found: C, 39.84; H, 2.83; N, 3.43.
(3aRS,4SR,5SR,6RS,7aSR)-4,5-Dibromo-2-(4-bromophenyl)hexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-one (3d). Yield 24%, m.p. > 185 °C (decomp.), colorless fine needles. 1H NMR (600.2 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.54 (d, J~9.1 Hz, 2H, H-3, H-5 Harom.), 7.49 (d, J~9.1 Hz, 2H, H-2, H-6 Harom.), 4.76 (t, J~4.7 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.51 (ddd, J~4.7 Hz, J~1.3 Hz, J~2.5 Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.25 (d, J~2.5 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.07 (dd, J~1.5 Hz, J~11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dd, J~1.5 Hz, J~11.6 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.94 (dd, J~4.7 Hz, J~9.5 Hz, 1H, H-7a), 2.80 (ddd, J~1.5 Hz, J~9.5 Hz, J~13.1 Hz, 1H, H-7B), 2.30 (ddt, J~13.1 Hz, J~1.3 Hz, J~4.7 Hz, 1H, H-7A) (see Figure S6). 13C NMR (150.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.3, 137.7, 132.0 (2C), 121.4 (2 C), 118.0, 88.8, 80.9, 55.6, 53.8, 50.6, 49.6, 30.9 (see Figure S6). IR (KBr): 1694 (NC=O). MS (ESI): m/z = 467 [M + H+]. Anal. Calcd for C14H12Br3NO2: C, 36.09; H, 2.60; N, 3.01. Found: C, 36.05; H, 2.56; N, 3.14.
(3aRS,4SR,5SR,6RS,7aSR)-4,5-Dibromo-2-(4-iodophenyl)hexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-one (3e). Yield 18%, m.p. > 205 °C (decomp.), light beige plates. 1H NMR (600.2 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.68 (dt, J~9.1 Hz, J~2.5 Hz, 2H, H-3, H-5 Harom.), 7.41 (dt, J~9.1 Hz, J~2.5 Hz, 2H, H-2, H-6 Harom.), 4.75 (t, J~5.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.51 (ddd, J~5.0 Hz, J~1.2 Hz, J~2.5 Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.24 (d, J~2.5 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.06 (d, J~12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J~12.1 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.93 (dd, J~4.5 Hz, J~9.1 Hz, 1H, H-7a), 2.79 (dd, J~9.1 Hz, J~13.1 Hz, 1H, H-7B), 2.29 (ddt, J~13.1 Hz, J~1.2 Hz, J~4.5 Hz, 1H, H-7A) (see Figure S7). 13C NMR (150.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.3, 138.4, 137.9 (2C), 121.6 (2C), 88.8, 88.7, 80.9, 55.5, 53.8, 50.4, 49.6, 30.8 (see Figure S7). IR (KBr): 1697 (NC=O). MS (ESI): m/z = 514 [M + H+]. Anal. Calcd for C14H12Br2INO2: C, 32.79; H, 2.36; N, 2.73. Found: C, 32.76; H, 2.32; N, 2.82.

2.3. X-ray Analysis

X-ray diffraction analyses were performed at the Center for Shared Use of Physical Methods of Investigation at the Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, RAS (CKP FMI IPCE RAS). Single crystals of compounds 3a−e (Table 1) for X-ray crystallography were grown by slow recrystallization of samples from EtOAc/hexane mixtures. Suitable single crystals were selected, immersed in an inert oil, mounted on a glass fiber, and attached to a goniometer head.
The X-ray diffraction data were collected on a Bruker Kappa Apex II automatic four-circle diffractometer equipped with an area detector (Mo-Kα sealed-tube X-ray source, λ = 0.71073 Å, graphite monochromator) at 296 K for all compounds except 3a, measured at 100 K.
The data frames were collected using the program APEX2 and processed using the program SAINT routine within APEX2. The unit cell parameters were refined over the whole dataset [37]. The data were corrected for absorption on the multi-scan technique as implemented in SADABS [38]. The structures were solved by direct method using SHELXS and refined by full-matrix least-squares on F2 using SHELXL-2018 software [39] in the anisotropic approximation for all non-hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen atoms on carbon were calculated in ideal positions with isotropic displacement parameters set to 1.2 × Ueq(C).
Atomic coordinates for compounds 3a−e have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. CCDC numbers are 2036862, 2036839, 2036841, 2036840, and 2036843. The supplementary crystallographic data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif. Copies of this information may be obtained free of charge from the Director, CCDC, Cambridge, UK (www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk).

3. Results

The 2-(4-substituted phenyl)-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(6H)-ones (2a−e) were synthesized by the known reaction of acryloyl chloride with the corresponding 4-substituted-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)anilines (1a−e) in the presence of Et3N in toluene (Scheme 1) [31,33,40,41,42,43]. Compounds 2d and 2e are novel, whereas 2a−c have been reported earlier [31,33,40,41,42,43], and hence will not be discussed herein. The structures of 2d and 2e were deduced from their IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra (Figures S1 and S2), ESI-MS, and elemental analysis (see experimental section). The IR spectra of 2d and 2e reveal the presence of ν(C=O) vibrations at ca. 1693 and 1680 cm−1, respectively. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra in CDCl3 show the characteristic signals of C7a−H and C=O groups at 2.63 and 173.4 ppm for 2d and 2.63 and 173.5 ppm for 2e. Both ESI-MS and elemental analysis are consistent with the proposed formulations.
Next, the reaction of 2-(4-substituted phenyl)-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(6H)-ones (2a−e) with [(Me2NCOMe)2H]Br3 in dry chloroform under reflux leads to the corresponding 4,5-dibromo-2-(4-substituted phenyl)hexahydro-3a,6-epoxy-isoindol-1(4H)-ones (3a−e) in yields of 18−35% (Scheme 1).
The 1H NMR spectra of 3a–e in CDCl3 solution at room temperature show a resonance at δ 2.92−2.99, which can be assigned to the proton of the C7a −H group (Figures S3–S7). In the 13C NMR spectra of 3a–e, the carbon atom of C=O was found at 172.1−172.7 ppm (Figures S3–S7). Not only electron-withdrawing properties of para-substituents, but also their noncovalent bond donor or acceptor character leads to the chemical shift of CAr−Ha in the 13C NMR spectra of 3a−e: 129.0 (H), 160.6 (F), 130.2 (Cl), 118.0 (Br), and 88.8 (I) ppm. Contribution of halogen bonding on chemical shift of CAr−Ha in the 13C NMR spectra of 3a−e is not clear, because there is no intermolecular halogen bonding in compounds 3b and 3c (see below). Moreover, ESI-MS and elemental analyses also confirm the chemical structures of 3a–e.
The crystal structures of 3a–e were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and are shown in Figure 1 along with the atomic numbering schemes. In contrast to 3a–c, both compounds 3d and 3e crystallize with two molecules in the asymmetric unit, of which only one is illustrated in Figure 1. An important feature of the compounds is the presence of the 3aS,4R,5R,6S,7aR and 3aR,4S,5S,6R,7aS stereogenic carbon centers in 3a–c and 3d,e, respectively (Figure 1). The different configurations seem to be driven by intermolecular interactions in the bromination of 2a–c into 3a–c. The para-halogen substituents have a remarkable effect on the < C1−N2−C11−C16 (for 3a–c) dihedral angles (°): 25.7 (−H), −46.2 (−F), 15.9 (−Cl), −19.1 (−Br), and −19.3 (−I), i.e., aryl and pyrrolidone rings are not co-planar (Figure 1). Moreover, there is no trend between the dihedral angles and the electron-withdrawing character of the substituents.
Although all 3a–e have at least two potential halogen bond donor centers (Br atoms in the isoindole moiety), there is no intermolecular halogen bonding in the compounds 3b and 3c. In the packing of 3a–e, the most noticeable intermolecular features are C−H⋯O, C−H⋯Br, and C-H⋯π hydrogen bonds, which can also cooperate with C−Br⋯Br, C−Br⋯π, and C−I⋯I types of halogen bonds.
In the crystal of 3a, the molecules are interacting through Br⋯Br type II [3,44,45,46] of halogen bonding to form a 1D supramolecular chain along the b-axis [47], depicted in Figure 2. The Br(1)⋯Br(2) distance (3.638 Å) is shorter than twice the sum of the Bondi’s van der Waals radii of the interacting atoms (Br + Br = 1.85 + 1.85 = 3.70 Å) [48], and the < C(4)−Br(1)⋯Br(2) angle is 169.68°.
Compounds 3d and 3e have two molecules in the unit cell, and both molecules are similarly involved in intermolecular interactions. Both CAr−Br⋯Br (angle of 164.51°) and CAr−I⋯I (angle of 163.08°) type I halogen bonding distances of 3.486 and 3.679 Å, respectively, are significantly shorter than the sum of the Bondi’s van der Waals radii of the interacting atoms (Br + Br = 1.85 +1.85 = 3.70 Å and I + I = 1.98 + 1.98 = 3.96 Å [48]) (Figure 3). Intermolecular Br⋯π and I⋯π interactions also contribute to the formation of 2D sheets in 3d and 3e, respectively, in which the bond parameters such as Ha⋯π distances and < C−Ha⋯π angles are dependent on the nature of halogen atom (Figure 3). In contrast to 3e, there is a weak type II halogen bonding C(5)−Br(2)⋯Br(22) (angle of 158.46°) with distance of 3.644 Å in 3d, which links the molecules into a 1D chain (Figure 3a).
Cooperation of C−H⋯O, C−H⋯Br, and C−H⋯π hydrogen bonds with the Br⋯Br halogen bonding in the crystal packing of 3a leads to 2D sheets (Figure S8). In contrast to 3a, the bromine atom behaves only as the hydrogen bond acceptor in 3b and 3c affording 3D supramolecular architectures (Figures S9 and S10). In 3c, the attached para-Cl also engages in weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding to support the molecules to orient in a head-to-tail arrangement in 3D networks (Figure S10). Not only intermolecular hydrogen bonds, but both Br⋯π and Ha⋯Ha types of halogen bond in 3d and 3e play an important role in directing the crystal packing and in the formation of 3D structures (Figures S11 and S12).

4. Conclusions

Both physical and chemical properties of functional materials in the solid state can be controlled by noncovalent interactions between molecular building blocks. A suitable design of molecular units with noncovalent bond donor or acceptor sites is an important strategy to control and improve the properties and the function of materials. The noncovalent bond donor ability of halogen atoms allows to generate new supramolecular networks via halogen bonding, which is dependent on the nature of the halogen atom.
Herein, the role of para-halogen substituents in intermolecular halogen bonding in a series of 4,5-dibromo-2-(4-substituted phenyl)hexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-ones was analyzed. Both substituents 4-F (3b) and 4-Cl (3c) are not involved in intermolecular halogen bond formation, whereas Br⋯Br (in 4-H), Br⋯Br and Br⋯π (in 4-Br), and I⋯I and Br⋯π (in 4-I) types of interactions are observed in 3a, 3d, and 3e, respectively. The Ha⋯Ha and Ha⋯π halogen bonds cooperate with other types of noncovalent interactions in the crystal packing of the studied molecules leading to 2D sheets or 3D supramolecular architectures.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/2073-4352/11/2/112/s1, 1H/13C NMR spectra of 2d,e and 3a–e (Figures S1–S7), packing diagrams of 3a–e (Figures S8–S12).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.I.Z. and A.V.G.; methodology, H.H.T.; investigation, D.F.M., M.A.N. and E.V.N.; resources, M.S.G.; data curation, V.P.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, F.I.Z., A.V.G. and K.T.M.; writing—review and editing, V.P.Z. and M.S.G.; visualization, H.H.T.; supervision, A.J.L.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (award No. 075-03-2020-223 (FSSF-2020-0017)). This work was also supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), project UIDB/00100/2020 of Centro de Química Estrutural. This paper has been supported by the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (A.J.L.P.). K.T.M and A.V.G acknowledge the FCT and Instituto Superior Técnico DL 57/2016 and L 57/2017 Program, Contracts no: IST-ID/85/2018 and IST-ID/110/2018, respectively. The authors also acknowledge the financial support by the Baku State University, Azerbaijan.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Scheme 1. Synthesis of 3a–e.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 3a–e.
Crystals 11 00112 sch001
Figure 1. X-ray structure of 3a–e.
Figure 1. X-ray structure of 3a–e.
Crystals 11 00112 g001
Figure 2. Partial view of the 1D chain formed through C−Br⋯Br halogen bonds in the crystal structure of 3a.
Figure 2. Partial view of the 1D chain formed through C−Br⋯Br halogen bonds in the crystal structure of 3a.
Crystals 11 00112 g002
Figure 3. Intermolecular Ha⋯Ha and Ha⋯π types of halogen bonding in 3d (a) and 3e (b).
Figure 3. Intermolecular Ha⋯Ha and Ha⋯π types of halogen bonding in 3d (a) and 3e (b).
Crystals 11 00112 g003aCrystals 11 00112 g003b
Table 1. Crystallographic data and structure refinement details for 3a–e.
Table 1. Crystallographic data and structure refinement details for 3a–e.
3a3b3c3d3e
Empirical FormulaC14H13Br2NO2C14H12Br2FNO2C14H12Br2ClNO2C14H12Br3NO2C14H12Br2INO2
fw387.07405.07421.52465.98512.97
Temperature (K)100(2)296(2)296(2)296(2)296(2)
Crystal SystemTriclinicOrthorhombicMonoclinicMonoclinicMonoclinic
Space GroupP-1Pca21C2/cP21/cP21/c
a (Å)7.490(2)22.4191(5)19.3156(6)6.7008(3)6.6621(3)
b (Å)8.896(3)8.2335(2)6.7072(2)18.3496(8)18.4894(8)
c (Å)11.997(3)7.5976(2)24.5261(8)24.9667(13)25.6634(11)
α108.201(4)90909090
β91.053(4)90110.555(2)95.417(3)97.487(2)
γ112.877(4)90909090
V (Å3)690.6(3)1402.42(6)2975.15(16)3056.1(2)3134.2(2)
Z24888
ρcalc (g cm3)1.8611.9181.8822.0252.174
μ (Mo Kα) (mm−1)5.8655.7915.6287.9197.143
F(000)380792164817921936
GOOF1.0211.0291.0131.0311.001
R1 a (I ≥ 2σ)0.02940.03070.03690.05720.0495
wR2 b (I ≥ 2σ)0.07550.05910.06570.11520.0883
a R1 = Σ||Fo| − |Fc||/Σ|Fo|. b wR2 = {Σ[w(Fo2Fc2)2]/Σ[w(Fo2)2]}1/2.
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Gurbanov, A.V.; Mertsalov, D.F.; Zubkov, F.I.; Nadirova, M.A.; Nikitina, E.V.; Truong, H.H.; Grigoriev, M.S.; Zaytsev, V.P.; Mahmudov, K.T.; Pombeiro, A.J.L. Role of Halogen Substituents on Halogen Bonding in 4,5-DiBromohexahydro-3a,6-Epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-ones. Crystals 2021, 11, 112. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11020112

AMA Style

Gurbanov AV, Mertsalov DF, Zubkov FI, Nadirova MA, Nikitina EV, Truong HH, Grigoriev MS, Zaytsev VP, Mahmudov KT, Pombeiro AJL. Role of Halogen Substituents on Halogen Bonding in 4,5-DiBromohexahydro-3a,6-Epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-ones. Crystals. 2021; 11(2):112. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11020112

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gurbanov, Atash V., Dmitriy F. Mertsalov, Fedor I. Zubkov, Maryana A. Nadirova, Eugeniya V. Nikitina, Hieu H. Truong, Mikhail S. Grigoriev, Vladimir P. Zaytsev, Kamran T. Mahmudov, and Armando J. L. Pombeiro. 2021. "Role of Halogen Substituents on Halogen Bonding in 4,5-DiBromohexahydro-3a,6-Epoxyisoindol-1(4H)-ones" Crystals 11, no. 2: 112. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11020112

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