Brewing Quality of Hop Varieties Cultivated in Central Italy Based on Multivolatile Fingerprinting and Bitter Acid Content
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Determination of α- and β-Acids
2.3. GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Components
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Precursors of Bitter Tasting Compounds of Beers
3.2. Aroma Components of Cones
3.3. Multivariate Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample ID | Name | Brewing Use | Seasonal Maturity 1 | Origin | α-Acids% 2 | β-Acids% 2 | Cohumulone% | Myrcene% | Humulene% | Caryophyllene% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAL | Hallertau | Aroma | E to M | Germany | 3.0–3.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 20–26 | 35–44 | 30–55 | 10–15 |
WIL | Willamette | Aroma | E to M | USA | 4–6 | 3–4 | 30–35 | 30–55 | 20–30 | 7–8 |
YEO | Yeoman | Dual purpose | E | UK | 12–16 | 4–5 | 25 | 48 | 20 | 10 |
CEN | Centennial | Dual purpose | M | USA | 9.5–11.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 28–30 | 45–55 | 10–18 | 5–8 |
FUG | Fuggle | Aroma | E to M | UK | 2.4–6.1 | 2.1–2.8 | 25–29 | 43.4 | 26.6 | 9.1 |
MHO | Mount Hood | Aroma | E to M | USA | 4–8 | 5–8 | 21–23 | 30–40 | 12–38 | 7–16 |
NBR | Northern Brewer | Dual purpose | E to M | Germany | 7–10 | 3.5–5 | 27–33 | 25–45 | 35–50 | 10–20 |
GAL | Galena | Bittering | M | USA | 12 | 7.5 | 39 | 55–60 | 10–15 | 3–6 |
BRG | Brewer’s Gold | Bittering | L | UK | 7.1–11.3 | 3.3–6.1 | 41 | 66.7 | 11.6 | 6.5 |
STE | Sterling | Dual purpose | M | USA | 4.5–9 | 4–6 | 21–28 | 44–48 | 19–23 | 5–8 |
CAS | Cascade | Dual purpose | M | USA | 4.5–8.9 | 3.6–7.5 | 33–40 | 45–60 | 8–16 | 4–6 |
NUG | Nugget | Bittering | M | USA | 9.5–14 | 4.2–5.8 | 22–30 | 48–59 | 12–22 | 7–10 |
COL | Columbus | Dual purpose | M to L | USA | 14–18 | 4.5–6 | 28–35 | 25–55 | 9–25 | 6–12 |
NOR | Northdown | Dual purpose | M | UK | 7–10 | 4–5.5 | 24–32 | 23–29 | 37–45 | 13–17 |
CHI | Chinook | Dual purpose | M to L | USA | 12–14 | 3–4 | 29–34 | 35–40 | 18–25 | 9–11 |
Sample ID | CoH | AdH + Hum | CoL | AdL + Lup | Total α-Acids | Total β-Acids |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAL | 0.34 ± 0.05 g | 1.24 ± 0.20 efg | 0.76 ± 0.13 efg | 1.23 ± 0.20 cdef | 1.58 ± 0.24 ef | 1.99 ± 0.33 de |
WIL | 0.31 ± 0.03 g | 0.34 ± 0.00 g | 1.25 ± 0.01 def | 1.09 ± 0.01 def | 0.65 ± 0.03 f | 2.34 ± 0.02 de |
YEO | 1.86 ± 0.00 cd | 5.94 ± 0.03 b | 1.34 ± 0.01 cde | 1.66 ± 0.00 bcd | 7.81 ± 0.03 b | 3.00 ± 0.01 bcd |
CEN | 0.72 ± 0.08 fg | 1.80 ± 0.22d ef | 1.08 ± 0.14 defg | 1.30 ± 0.18 cdef | 2.51 ± 0.29 de | 2.37 ± 0.32 de |
FUG | 0.40 ± 0.03 g | 0.83 ± 0.10f g | 0.46 ± 0.06 fg | 0.42 ± 0.07 f | 1.23 ± 0.13 ef | 0.88 ± 0.13 e |
MHO | 0.77 ± 0.04 fg | 2.51 ± 0.11 cd | 1.77 ± 0.08 bcd | 2.49 ± 0.09 b | 3.28 ± 0.15 cd | 4.26 ± 0.17 bc |
NBR | 1.08 ± 0.13 ef | 2.36 ± 0.30 cde | 1.21 ± 0.12 defg | 1.14 ± 0.10 def | 3.44 ± 0.42 cd | 2.35 ± 0.22 de |
GAL | 0.29 ± 0.11 g | 0.70 ± 0.26 fg | 0.41 ± 0.17 g | 0.53 ± 0.21 ef | 0.99 ± 0.37 ef | 0.95 ± 0.38 e |
BRG | 0.78 ± 0.06 fg | 1.35 ± 0.11d efg | 1.06 ± 0.10 defg | 0.74 ± 0.07 def | 2.13 ± 0.17 def | 1.79 ± 0.17 de |
STE | 0.79 ± 0.09 fg | 1.45 ± 0.02d efg | 1.36 ± 0.10 cde | 1.68 ± 0.11 bcd | 2.24 ± 0.11 def | 3.04 ± 0.21 bcd |
CAS | 1.37 ± 0.24 de | 3.10 ± 0.65 c | 3.14 ± 0.61 a | 4.25 ± 0.81 a | 4.47 ± 0.89 c | 7.39 ± 1.42 a |
NUG | 2.90 ± 0.05 a | 7.71 ± 0.15 a | 2.23 ± 0.06 b | 2.15 ± 0.06 bc | 10.61 ± 0.20 a | 4.38 ± 0.11 b |
COL | 2.49 ± 0.35 ab | 4.92 ± 0.70 b | 2.10 ± 0.33 bc | 1.44 ± 0.23 cde | 7.41 ± 1.05 b | 3.54 ± 0.57 bcd |
NOR | 0.63 ± 0.08 fg | 1.52 ± 0.19 defg | 0.87 ± 0.13 efg | 0.99 ± 0.14 def | 2.15 ± 0.28 def | 1.86 ± 0.26 de |
CHI | 2.14 ± 0.10 bc | 5.84 ± 0.28 b | 1.29 ± 0.06 de | 1.28 ± 0.06 cdef | 7.98 ± 0.37 b | 2.56 ± 0.11 cde |
Peak ID | RT (min) | RI | CI Parent and Base Ions | Name | CAS Number | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | 6.616 | 919 | 145 [M + 1] | isobutyl isobutyrate | 97-85-8 | Ester |
V2 | 6.773 | 926 | 137 [M + 1] | tricyclene | 508-32-7 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V3 | 6.947 | 934 | 137 [M + 1] | α-thujene | 2867-05-2 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V4 | 7.119 | 942 | 137 [M + 1] | α-pinene | 80-56-8 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V5 | 7.472 | 957 | 137 [M + 1] | camphene | 79-92-5 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V6 | 8.147 | 983 | 137 [M + 1] | β-pinene | 127-91-3 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V7 | 8.356 | 991 | 127 [M + 1]. 109 [M + 1 − H2O] | 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one | 110-93-0 | Ketone |
V8 | 8.510 | 996 | 137 [M + 1] | β-myrcene | 123-35-3 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V9 | 8.810 | 1009 | 137 [M + 1] | α-phellandrene | 99-83-2 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V10 | 8.957 | 1015 | 158 [M] | 2-methylbutyl isobutyrate | 2445-69-4 | Ester |
V11 | 9.044 | 1019 | 158 [M] | isoamyl isobutyrate | 2050-01-3 | Ester |
V12 | 9.105 | 1022 | 137 [M + 1] | α-terpinene | 99-86-5 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V13 | 9.251 | 1028 | 145 [M + 1] | methyl heptanoate | 106-73-0 | Ester |
V14 | 9.332 | 1032 | 143 [M + 1] | heptenoic acid isomer. methyl ester | Ester | |
V15 | 9.413 | 1035 | 137 [M + 1] | β-phellandrene | 555-10-2 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V16 | 9.594 | 1043 | 137 [M + 1] | (Z)-β-ocimene | 3338-55-4 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V17 | 9.859 | 1054 | 137 [M + 1] | (E)-β-ocimene | 3779-61-1 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V18 | 10.147 | 1065 | 137 [M + 1] | y-terpinene | 99-85-4 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V19 | 10.203 | 1067 | 159 [M + 1] | heptanoic acid. 2-methyl. methyl ester | 51209-78-0 | Ester |
V20 | 10.808 | 1090 | 159 [M + 1] | heptanoic acid. 6-methyl. methyl ester | 2519-37-1 | Ester |
V21 | 10.883 | 1092 | 137 [M + 1] | terpinolene | 586-62-9 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V22 | 10.931 | 1094 | 143 [M + 1] | 2-nonanone | 821-55-6 | Ketone |
V23 | 11.152 | 1102 | 137 [M + 1 − H2O] | linalool | 78-70-6 | Oxygenated monoterpene |
V24 | 11.726 | 1128 | 159 [M + 1] | methyl octanoate | 111-11-5 | Ester |
V25 | 11.862 | 1134 | 137 [M + 1] | alloocimene | 7216-56-0 | Monoterpene hydrocarbon |
V26 | 12.173 | 1147 | 137 [M + 1] | Unidentified | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | |
V27 | 13.390 | 1195 | 157 [M + 1] | 2-decanone | 693-54-9 | Ketone |
V28 | 13.549 | 1201 | 157 [M + 1 − CH2] | n-dodecane | 112-40-3 | n-alkane |
V29 | 13.846 | 1215 | 171 [M + 1]. 139 [M + 1 − CH3OH] | methyl x-nonenoate | Ester | |
V30 | 14.129 | 1227 | 173 [M + 1] | methyl nonanoate | 1731-84-6 | Ester |
V31 | 14.638 | 1250 | 187 [M + 1] | heptyl isobutanoate | 2349-13-5 | Ester |
V32 | 15.749 | 1295 | 171 [M + 1] | 2-undecanone | 112-12-9 | Ketone |
V33 | 15.874 | 1300 | 171 [M + 1 − CH2] | n-tridecane | 629-50-5 | n-alkane |
V34 | 16.092 | 1311 | 185 [M + 1]. 153 [M + 1 − CH3OH] | methyl 4-decenoate | 1191-02-2 | Ester |
V35 | 16.443 | 1328 | 187 [M + 1] | methyl decanoate | 110-42-9 | Ester |
V36 | 17.100 | 1358 | 205 [M + 1] | α-cubebene | 17699-14-8 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V37 | 17.208 | 1362 | 205 [M + 1] | sativene | 3650-28-0 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V38 | 17.610 | 1380 | 205 [M + 1] | ylangene | 14912-44-8 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V39 | 17.711 | 1384 | 205 [M + 1] | α-copaene | 3856-25-5 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V40 | 18.717 | 1432 | 205 [M + 1] | b-caryophillene | 87-44-5 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V41 | 18.879 | 1440 | 205 [M + 1] | β-cubebene | 13744-15-5 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V42 | 19.463 | 1468 | 205 [M + 1] | humulene | 6753-98-6 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V43 | 19.787 | 1483 | 205 [M + 1] | b-copaene | 18612-33-4 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V44 | 19.844 | 1486 | 205 [M + 1] | (E)-b-Famesene | 18794-84-8 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V45 | 19.916 | 1489 | 205 [M + 1] | α-Farnesene | 502-61-4 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V46 | 20.095 | 1497 | 205 [M + 1] | b-selinene | 17066-67-0 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V47 | 20.212 | 1503 | 205 [M + 1] | α-muurolene | 31983-22-9 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V48 | 20.276 | 1506 | 205 [M + 1] | α-selinene | 473-13-2 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V49 | 20.626 | 1524 | 205 [M + 1] | γ-muurolene | 30021-74-0 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V50 | 20.784 | 1532 | 205 [M + 1] | α-cadinene | 11044-40-9 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V51 | 20.844 | 1535 | 205 [M + 1] | b-cadinene | 523-47-7 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V52 | 20.986 | 1543 | 205 [M + 1] | cadina-1.4-diene | 16728-99-7 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V53 | 21.090 | 1548 | 205 [M + 1] | (E)-calamenene | 40772-39-2 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V54 | 21.210 | 1554 | 205 [M + 1] | α-calacorene | 21391-99-1 | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon |
V55 | 22.057 | 1595 | 203 [M + 1 − H2O] | caryophillene oxyde | 1139-30-6 | Oxygenated sesquiterpene |
V56 | 22.356 | 203 [M + 1 − H2O] | Unidentified | Oxygenated sesquiterpene | ||
V57 | 22.567 | 203 [M + 1 − H2O] | Unidentified | Oxygenated sesquiterpene |
Peak ID | HAL | WIL | YEO | CEN | FUG | MHO | NBR | GAL | BRG | STE | CAS | NUG | COL | NOR | CHI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.28 ± 0.18 b | 0.08 ± 0.06 b | 0.05 ± 0.04 b | 0.05 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.03 b | 0.08 ± 0.08 b | 0.35 ± 0.10 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | 0.11 ± 0.04 b | 0.44 ± 0.09 a | 0.90 ± 0.42 a | 0.07 ± 0.03 b | 0.30 ± 0.02 b |
V2 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.09 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
V3 | 0.02 ± 0.00 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.03 ab | 0.14 ± 0.12 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 ab | 0.01 ± 0.00 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.00 ab | 0.03 ± 0.01 ab | 0.04 ± 0.02 ab | 0.05 ± 0.02 ab | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 ab |
V4 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.35 | 0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.06 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.14 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.31 ± 0.10 | 0.19 ± 0.12 | 0.22 ± 0.00 |
V5 | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 bc | 0.02 ± 0.01 abc | 0.02 ± 0.02 abc | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc | 0.02 ± 0.01 abc | 0.01 ± 0.00 abc | 0.04 ± 0.03 abc | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 ab | 0.02 ± 0.01 abc | 0.02 ± 0.01 abc |
V6 | 0.85 ± 0.21 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 0.57 ± 0.24 | 2.49 ± 2.19 | 0.50 ± 0.35 | 1.03 ± 0.42 | 0.92 ± 0.17 | 0.49 ± 0.25 | 1.81 ± 0.20 | 1.67 ± 0.18 | 1.93 ± 0.86 | 2.00 ± 0.33 | 2.26 ± 0.74 | 1.01 ± 0.48 | 1.60 ± 0.11 |
V7 | 0.01 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.01 ab | 0.11 ± 0.09 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.06 ± 0.03 ab | 0.01 ± 0.00 ab | 0.05 ± 0.03 ab | 0.04 ± 0.00 ab | 0.01 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.00 ab | 0.01 ± 0.01 ab | 0.04 ± 0.01 ab | 0.12 ± 0.02 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
V8 | 41.44 ± 1.94 bcd | 14.14 ± 0.04 e | 14.95 ± 6.07 e | 49.45 ± 4.05 abc | 14.08 ± 2.47 e | 40.82 ± 7.23 bcd | 34.01 ± 2.05 cd | 26.33 ± 3.53 b | 54.05 ± 5.40 | 53.69 ± 5.85 ab | 67.10 ± 5.66 a | 64.45 ± 1.34 a | 45.20 ± 4.84 bc | 33.72 ± 4.43 cd | 45.35 ± 5.24 bc |
V9 | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.06 ± 0.05 ab | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.05 ± 0.04 b | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.03 ± 0.02 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b |
V10 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.22 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.21 ± 0.26 | 0.10 ± 0.12 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.02 |
V11 | 0.03 ± 0.03 d | 0.15 ± 0.04 d | 1.16 ± 0.62 bcd | 0.28 ± 0.12 cd | 0.18 ± 0.18 d | 0.11 ± 0.03 d | 0.28 ± 0.11 cd | 0.60 ± 0.84 bcd | 2.16 ± 0.52 bc | 0.03 ± 0.03 d | 0.20 ± 0.14 d | 1.85 ± 0.01 bcd | 4.32 ± 1.41 a | 0.30 ± 0.08 cd | 2.36 ± 0.07 b |
V12 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.26 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.47 ± 0.50 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.23 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
V13 | 0.14 ± 0.05 bc | 0.01 ± 0.01 c | 0.13 ± 0.06 bc | 0.12 ± 0.05 bc | 0.07 ± 0.04 bc | 0.23 ± 0.07 abc | 0.23 ± 0.19 abc | 0.13 ± 0.14 bc | 0.35 ± 0.09 ab | 0.13 ± 0.00 bc | 0.17 ± 0.02 bc | 0.50 ± 0.06 a | 0.23 ± 0.05 abc | 0.09 ± 0.05 bc | 0.27 ± 0.06 abc |
V14 | 0.62 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.12 | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.22 | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.46 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.02 |
V15 | 0.68 ± 0.05 ab | 0.30 ± 0.02 b | 0.44 ± 0.18 ab | 1.46 ± 0.79 a | 0.41 ± 0.18 ab | 0.73 ± 0.26 ab | 0.87 ± 0.16 ab | 0.42 ± 0.10 ab | 1.22 ± 0.32 ab | 0.99 ± 0.01 ab | 1.08 ± 0.03 ab | 0.95 ± 0.02 ab | 1.16 ± 0.39 ab | 0.60 ± 0.19 bc | 0.92 ± 0.04 ab |
V16 | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.05 ± 0.03 b | 0.05 ± 0.05 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b |
V17 | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.13 ± 0.05 b | 0.09 ± 0.06 b | 0.14 ± 0.10 b | 0.09 ± 0.03 b | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | 1.39 ± 0.21 a | 0.10 ± 0.08 b | 1.17 ± 0.41 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.02 b | 1.01 ± 0.09 a | 1.09 ± 0.27 a | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 b |
V18 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.16 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 |
V19 | 0.15 ± 0.20 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
V20 | 0.19 ± 0.09 b | 0.04 ± 0.02 b | 0.03 ± 0.03 b | 0.12 ± 0.05 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.10 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.05 b | 0.25 ± 0.31 b | 0.15 ± 0.21 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | 0.16 ± 0.00 b | 0.35 ± 0.04 b | 0.45 ± 0.20 ab | 0.14 ± 0.04 b | 0.87 ± 0.03 a |
V21 | 0.18 ± 0.18 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
V22 | 0.28 ± 0.19 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.08 | 0.30 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.17 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.18 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
V23 | 0.94 ± 0.12 a | 0.21 ± 0.10 d | 0.17 ± 0.07 d | 0.50 ± 0.20 abcd | 0.40 ± 0.07 bcd | 0.33 ± 0.33 cd | 0.40 ± 0.02 bcd | 0.42 ± 0.07 bcd | 0.45 ± 0.02 abcd | 0.83 ± 0.14 ab | 0.35 ± 0.08 bcd | 0.72 ± 0.06 abc | 0.47 ± 0.04 abcd | 0.63 ± 0.11 abcd | 0.30 ± 0.01 cd |
V24 | 0.18 ± 0.14 bcde | 0.02 ± 0.01 e | 0.06 ± 0.03 de | 0.12 ± 0.05 cde | 0.03 ± 0.02 e | 0.05 ± 0.00 de | 0.06 ± 0.04 de | 0.10 ± 0.08 cde | 0.34 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.02 ± 0.00 e | 0.14 ± 0.01 cde | 0.48 ± 0.02 ab | 0.50 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.03 cde | 0.37 ± 0.02 abc |
V25 | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.01 ± 0.01 bc | 0.04 ± 0.01 abc | 0.05 ± 0.03 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc | 0.05 ± 0.00 ab | 0.01 ± 0.01 bc | 0.02 ± 0.00 abc | 0.01 ± 0.01 bc | 0.05 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.01 abc | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc | 0.02 ± 0.01 bc | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc |
V26 | 0.02 ± 0.01 bc | 0.01 ± 0.01 c | 0.01 ± 0.01 bc | 0.04 ± 0.02 bc | 0.04 ± 0.03 bc | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc | 0.12 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 bc | 0.03 ± 0.01 bc | 0.02 ± 0.01 bc | 0.03 ± 0.00 bc | 0.04 ± 0.02 bc | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.05 ± 0.00 bc | 0.01 ± 0.01 c |
V27 | 0.35 ± 0.08 ab | 0.07 ± 0.05 b | 0.28 ± 0.01 ab | 0.07 ± 0.05 b | 0.42 ± 0.13 | 0.25 ± 0.06 ab | 0.36 ± 0.05 ab | 0.61 ± 0.33 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 0.29 ± 0.01 ab | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.10 ab | 0.26 ± 0.03 ab | 0.57 ± 0.05 a |
V28 | 0.03 ± 0.03 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 ab | 0.01 ± 0.01 ab | 0.06 ± 0.01 ab | 0.01 ± 0.01 ab | 0.04 ± 0.03 ab | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 ab | 0.01 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.02 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.05 ab | 0.04 ± 0.02 ab | 0.00 ± 0.01 ab |
V29 | 0.06 ± 0.02 ab | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.03 ab | 0.03 ± 0.03 ab | 0.06 ± 0.01 ab | 0.03 ± 0.00 ab | 0.07 ± 0.04 ab | 0.14 ± 0.14 ab | 0.04 ± 0.02 ab | 0.08 ± 0.01 ab | 0.08 ± 0.01 ab | 0.19 ± 0.04 a | 0.06 ± 0.00 ab | 0.07 ± 0.06 ab | 0.08 ± 0.02 ab |
V30 | 0.07 ± 0.03 bcd | 0.02 ± 0.01 d | 0.02 ± 0.01 d | 0.03 ± 0.03 d | 0.06 ± 0.00 bcd | 0.05 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.07 ± 0.04 bcd | 0.18 ± 0.22 abcd | 0.24 ± 0.02 abcd | 0.03 ± 0.00 cd | 0.11 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.38 ± 0.02 a | 0.29 ± 0.06 ab | 0.10 ± 0.07 bcd | 0.29 ± 0.03 abc |
V31 | 0.01 ± 0.01 bc | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.05 ± 0.02 bc | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc | 0.11 ± 0.08 ab | 0.02 ± 0.01 bc | 0.08 ± 0.03 abc | 0.05 ± 0.02 bc | 0.04 ± 0.01 bc | 0.01 ± 0.00 bc | 0.02 ± 0.02 bc | 0.10 ± 0.01 abc | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.03 abc | 0.03 ± 0.01 bc |
V32 | 0.81 ± 0.01 ab | 0.05 ± 0.05 b | 0.44 ± 0.04 ab | 0.15 ± 0.07 b | 0.35 ± 0.08 b | 0.32 ± 0.20 b | 0.37 ± 0.03 b | 1.22 ± 0.73 a | 0.01 ± 0.001 b | 0.44 ± 0.01 ab | 0.09 ± 0.05 b | 0.11 ± 0.02 b | 0.11 ± 0.05 b | 0.62 ± 0.28 ab | 0.12 ± 0.02 b |
V33 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.16 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.20 ± 0.27 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
V34 | 0.64 ± 0.39 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.41 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.10 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.55 ± 0.68 | 0.76 ± 0.07 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.18 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | 0.88 ± 0.09 |
V35 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.96 ± 0.72 | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.90 ± 1.00 | 0.31 ± 0.19 | 1.22 ± 0.30 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.15 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.04 |
V36 | 0.18 ± 0.02 cd | 0.12 ± 0.03 def | 0.03 ± 0.00 f | 0.17 ± 0.02 cd | 0.07 ± 0.01 def | 0.28 ± 0.02 bc | 0.04 ± 0.00 ef | 0.15 ± 0.02 de | 0.12 ± 0.05 def | 0.08 ± 0.00 def | 0.10 ± 0.01 def | 0.11 ± 0.00 def | 0.31 ± 0.08 | 0.04 ± 0.01 ef | 0.44 ± 0.04 a |
V37 | 0.01 ± 0.00 e | 0.05 ± 0.00 bc | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 cde | 0.04 ± 0.00 bcd | 0.04 ± 0.01 bcde | 0.04 ± 0.00 bcde | 0.03 ± 0.01 cde | 0.02 ± 0.00 e | 0.02 ± 0.00 de | 0.02 ± 0.00 de | 0.02 ± 0.00 e | 0.05 ± 0.01 ab | 0.04 ± 0.00 bcd | 0.03 ± 0.00 bcde |
V38 | 0.36 ± 0.06 bcd | 0.47 ± 0.03 ab | 0.57 ± 0.05 a | 0.18 ± 0.01 fg | 0.46 ± 0.03 ab | 0.27 ± 0.05 cdef | 0.42 ± 0.00 abc | 0.24 ± 0.06 defg | 0.15 ± 0.05 fg | 0.20 ± 0.04 efg | 0.12 ± 0.01 fg | 0.10 ± 0.01 g | 0.25 ± 0.01 defg | 0.39 ± 0.06 bcd | 0.35 ± 0.04 bcde |
V39 | 0.87 ± 0.02 efg | 1.50 ± 0.0 ab | 1.71 ± 0.14 a | 0.73 ± 0.03 fgh | 1.43 ± 0.02 ab | 0.94 ± 0.09 cdef | 1.36 ± 0.01 abc | 0.86 ± 0.16 efg | 0.51 ± 0.13 gh | 0.63 ± 0.12 fgh | 0.69 ± 0.12 fgh | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.09 defg | 1.21 ± 0.13 bcde | 1.28 ± 0.14 bcd |
V40 | 12.08 ± 0.22 efg | 25.54 ± 2.35 a | 20.84 ± 2.10 abc | 12.71 ± 1.78 efg | 23.14 ± 1.34 ab | 18.17 ± 0.38 bcd | 19.57 ± 0.05 bcd | 16.66 ± 0.24 cde | 10.44 ± 1.54 fg | 12.20 ± 1.78 efg | 7.44 ± 1.24 g | 7.64 ± 0.13 g | 14.20 ± 1.58 def | 18.94 ± 1.40 bcd | 9.75 ± 0.98 fg |
V41 | 0.79 ± 0.10 bcd | 1.21 ± 0.02 b | 0.72 ± 0.05 bcd | 0.75 ± 0.15 bcd | 1.02 ± 0.02 bc | 1.00 ± 0.13 bc | 0.80 ± 0.10 bcd | 1.00 ± 0.23 bc | 0.63 ± 0.20 cd | 0.54 ± 0.07 cd | 0.44 ± 0.07 d | 0.49 ± 0.11 g | 0.87 ± 0.08 bcd | 0.77 ± 0.13 bcd | 1.91 ± 0.29 a |
V42 | 21.72 ± 0.66 defg | 46.10 ± 0.16 a | 33.84 ± 2.81 bc | 20.85 ± 5.05 defg | 45.79 ± 2.37 a | 25.63 ± 3.83 cdef | 28.79 ± 2.07 bcde | 38.53 ± 1.28 ab | 17.81 ± 3.80 efg | 22.35 ± 3.13 defg | 12.01 ± 3.45 g | 11.58 ± 1.07 g | 15.72 ± 1.17 fg | 29.11 ± 4.09 bcd | 17.21 ± 1.71 fg |
V43 | 0.35 ± 0.13 ab | 0.10 ± 0.13 abc | 0.16 ± 0.08 abc | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.17 ± 0.02 abc | 0.24 ± 0.07 abc | 0.21 ± 0.04 abc | 0.11 ± 0.12 abc | 0.17 ± 0.04 abc | 0.08 ± 0.11 bc | 0.01 ± 0.01 c | 0.09 ± 0.00 abc | 0.26 ± 0.00 abc | 0.23 ± 0.05 abc | 0.38 ± 0.08 a |
V44 | 1.55 ± 0.19 bcd | 1.60 ± 0.33 bcd | 2.92 ± 0.56 a | 1.11 ± 0.26 bcd | 1.32 ± 0.14 bcd | 1.69 ± 0.66 bc | 1.13 ± 0.23 bcd | 1.34 ± 0.18 bcd | 0.77 ± 0.10 cd | 0.75 ± 0.01 cd | 0.82 ± 0.13 cd | 0.47 ± 0.06 d | 0.99 ± 0.14 bcd | 1.39 ± 0.11 bcd | 2.03 ± 0.38 ab |
V45 | 0.06 ± 0.03 bc | 0.21 ± 0.02 ab | 0.25 ± 0.07 a | 0.09 ± 0.00 abc | 0.13 ± 0.04 abc | 0.07 ± 0.09 bc | 0.16 ± 0.02 abc | 0.12 ± 0.08 abc | 0.08 ± 0.02 bc | 0.10 ± 0.02 abc | 0.07 ± 0.00 bc | 0.04 ± 0.00 c | 0.15 ± 0.01 abc | 0.18 ± 0.03 abc | 0.22 ± 0.04 ab |
V46 | 3.18 ± 0.51 b | 0.85 ± 0.26 c | 5.69 ± 0.58 a | 1.17 ± 0.50 c | 1.00 ± 0.18 c | 0.56 ± 0.18 c | 0.47 ± 0.24 c | 0.93 ± 0.32 c | 0.51 ± 0.03 c | 0.36 ± 0.02 c | 1.05 ± 0.30 c | 0.78 ± 0.09 c | 0.76 ± 0.03 c | 1.29 ± 0.31 c | 1.09 ± 0.20 c |
V47 | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.31 ± 0.05 ab | 0.16 ± 0.18 abc | 0.21 ± 0.06 abc | 0.31 ± 0.03 ab | 0.38 ± 0.19 ab | 0.34 ± 0.01 ab | 0.35 ± 0.02 ab | 0.14 ± 0.01 bc | 0.17 ± 0.04 abc | 0.11 ± 0.08 bc | 0.10 ± 0.00 bc | 0.27 ± 0.04 abc | 0.25 ± 0.05 abc | 0.46 ± 0.33 a |
V48 | 5.19 ± 1.18 b | 1.57 ± 0.36 c | 8.41 ± 1.02 a | 1.69 ± 0.68 c | 1.53 ± 0.18 c | 1.05 ± 0.02 c | 1.31 ± 0.39 c | 1.76 ± 0.66 c | 1.06 ± 0.03 c | 0.74 ± 0.05 c | 1.55 ± 0.41 c | 0.98 ± 0.21 c | 1.38 ± 0.00 c | 2.56 ± 0.55 c | 2.28 ± 0.37 c |
V49 | 0.61 ± 0.02 bc | 1.07 ± 0.28 abc | 0.96 ± 0.16 abc | 0.72 ± 0.26 abc | 1.04 ± 0.13 abc | 1.20 ± 0.63 abc | 0.85 ± 0.23 abc | 1.28 ± 0.25 ab | 0.59 ± 0.06 bc | 0.61 ± 0.05 bc | 0.46 ± 0.15 bc | 0.31 ± 0.06 c | 0.78 ± 0.04 abc | 0.91 ± 0.16 abc | 1.55 ± 0.26 a |
V50 | 1.81 ± 0.25 ab | 2.09 ± 0.60 ab | 2.24 ± 0.32 ab | 1.36 ± 0.49 ab | 2.15 ± 0.50 ab | 2.39 ± 1.41 ab | 1.62 ± 0.41 ab | 2.13 ± 0.41 ab | 1.10 ± 0.07 ab | 1.06 ± 0.15 ab | 0.89 ±0.36 b | 0.56 ± 0.07 b | 1.50 ± 0.02 ab | 1.81 ± 0.30 ab | 3.03 ± 0.39 a |
V51 | 0.04 ± 0.00 c | 0.26 ± 0.08 abc | 0.38 ± 0.03 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 abc | 0.18 ± 0.16 abc | 0.09 ± 0.09 bc | 0.31 ± 0.02 ab | 0.17 ± 0.01 abc | 0.14 ± 0.00 abc | 0.16 ± 0.03 abc | 0.10 ± 0.00 bc | 0.05 ± 0.02 c | 0.05 ± 0.07 c | 0.31 ± 0.01 ab | 0.11 ± 0.11 bc |
V52 | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.14 ± 0.04 ab | 0.16 ± 0.03 ab | 0.09 ± 0.04 ab | 0.13 ± 0.02 ab | 0.17 ± 0.09 ab | 0.13 ± 0.04 ab | 0.13 ± 0.03 ab | 0.09 ± 0.00 ab | 0.06 ± 0.00 b | 0.05 ± 0.03 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 ab | 0.13 ± 0.02 ab | 0.19 ± 0.01 a |
V53 | 1.45 ± 0.38 a | 0.20 ± 0.10 c | 0.19 ± 0.03 c | 0.12 ± 0.06 c | 0.17 ± 0.03 c | 0.20 ± 0.13 c | 0.14 ± 0.04 c | 0.24 ± 0.09 c | 0.11 ± 0.01 c | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 0.08 ± 0.03 c | 0.06 ± 0.01 c | 0.15 ± 0.01 c | 0.16 ± 0.02 c | 0.90 ± 0.13 b |
V54 | 1.30 ± 0.37 a | 0.08 ± 0.05 c | 0.09 ± 0.02 c | 0.03 ± 0.02 c | 0.06 ± 0.02 c | 0.06 ± 0.04 c | 0.05 ± 0.02 c | 0.09 ± 0.05 c | 0.03 ± 0.00 c | 0.03 ± 0.00 c | 0.03 ± 0.01 c | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.01 ± 0.01 c | 0.07 ± 0.01 c | 0.66 ± 0.12 b |
V55 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.61 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.12 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
V56 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.55 ± 0.76 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
V57 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.18 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.10 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.42 | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.10 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
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Mozzon, M.; Foligni, R.; Mannozzi, C. Brewing Quality of Hop Varieties Cultivated in Central Italy Based on Multivolatile Fingerprinting and Bitter Acid Content. Foods 2020, 9, 541. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods9050541
Mozzon M, Foligni R, Mannozzi C. Brewing Quality of Hop Varieties Cultivated in Central Italy Based on Multivolatile Fingerprinting and Bitter Acid Content. Foods. 2020; 9(5):541. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods9050541
Chicago/Turabian StyleMozzon, Massimo, Roberta Foligni, and Cinzia Mannozzi. 2020. "Brewing Quality of Hop Varieties Cultivated in Central Italy Based on Multivolatile Fingerprinting and Bitter Acid Content" Foods 9, no. 5: 541. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods9050541