A Novel Approach for a Sustainability Evaluation of Developing System Interchange: The Case Study of the Sheikhfazolah-Yadegar Interchange, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Building and developing effective, economical, and adaptive transport infrastructure and transport system for all people who live in the world;
- Providing an environmentally friendly atmosphere, reducing waste, reducing consumed non-renewable resources, decreasing land use, decreasing noise pollution, and minimizing of using fossil fuels.
2. Theoretical Background
3. Method and Data
3.1. Method
- (1)
- Modeling scenarios and measuring IA. According to the utilized source and interviewing with experts, all feasible scenarios that can improve the traffic situation in Sheikhfazolah-Yadegar interchange of Tehran were modeled in Trans CAD 5 software to measure their IA as the study region.
- (2)
- Choosing eminent sustainable indicators and interviewing with experts to calculate a weight of indicators. Sustainability evaluation of transportation infrastructure plans was carried out with respect to environmental, social, and economic parameters. To assess each of these parameters, the relevant criteria to these parameters were defined to determine the sustainable scenarios. According to defined indicators and accessible data, ten indexes were selected including three sustainability principle. To calculate the weight of these indicators, interviewing with experts were carried out. The values of indicators were normalized based on TOPSIS and AECIEI methods. The normalized indicators values could be summed after applying the weight of each indicator to its value.
- (3)
- Assessing results of scenarios by evaluating sustainable development indicators: the IA and all scenarios were modeled by AIMSUN software, and indicator’s values were done through AIMSUN results in an indirect and direct procedure.
- (4)
- Ranking scenarios and choosing the great scenario. Combining indicators were done by the TOPSIS method. Ranking the scenarios was done by this method, and then the best scenario was chosen. The combined indicator was required to rank the scenarios, which could help to compare scenarios in a quick and easy manner [36,44].
- (5)
- Defining a simplified approach. The AECIEI was defined based on the MCDA approach; by using this method, the effect of changes intensity of each indicator was applied in MCDA. Although the previous methods applied the weight of each indicator to sum the effect of all indicators for sorting and finding the best scenario, the effect of changes intensity was not applied on sustainability evaluation. When there were various values of an indicator in various scenarios, and difference of these values was significant, and these changes had a different effect on sustainability, AECIEI could apply the effect of changes intensity to the normalized value of each indicator in a scenario against the values of the same indicator in other scenarios. On the other hand, when there was a high change in the value of an indicator of a scenario against other scenarios, the effect of changes intensity should be applied. For example, the effect of air pollution or green space destruction in a different range was not the same on sustainability; therefore, they should be normalized based on the effect of changes intensity on sustainability. By interviewing with experts, the effect of changes intensity of each indicator could be specified. In this study, the results of AECIEI were compared with the result of TOPSIS.
3.2. Data
3.3. Case Study
4. Study Framework
4.1. Scenario Building
4.2. Specifying Influence Area (IA)
4.3. Choosing Eminent Sustainable Indicators
- There is a relationship between the selected indicators with environmental, economic, and social aspects;
- The chosen indicators should be understandable and useable by anybody;
- Users can understand how the final value is calculated;
- The selected indicators should be predictable;
- All selected indicators should be comparative;
- The selected indicators should be calculated at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales;
- The data of each selected indicator should be reliable and available at a reasonable cost;
- The selected indicators should be measurable, quantifiable, and reproducible;
- Each selected indicator should be independent of each other.
4.4. Indicator Quantification
4.4.1. Environmental Indicators
4.4.2. Social Indicators
4.4.3. Economic Indicators
4.5. Sorting and Ranking Based on TOPSIS
4.5.1. Indicator Normalization
4.5.2. Selecting Weights of Indicators
4.5.3. Finding the Best and Worst Solution Based on TOPSIS
4.6. Sorting and Ranking Based on AECIEI
5. Results
5.1. Ranking Based on TOPSIS
5.2. Ranking Based on AECIEI
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Sustainability Dimension | Area | Indicator | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental indicators | Air pollution | NOx, HC and CO emission per hour | kg/h |
GHG emission | CO2 emissions per hour | kg/h | |
Consumption of natural resources | Fuel consumption | L/h | |
Green spaces destruction | m² | ||
Land consumed for transport | m² | ||
Social indicators | Safety | Average crash frequency | accident/km |
Public satisfaction | Average travel time | second/person | |
Noise pollution | Exposure to noise level above 55 dB | m² | |
Economic indicators | Operator costs | Capital cost | dollar |
Maintenance and repair cost | dollar |
Area | Goals |
---|---|
Interchanges, Highways, and relevant streets | -Decreasing traffic congestion |
-Safety promotion | |
-Decreasing air pollution, CO2 emission and noise pollution | |
-Improving the visual aesthetics | |
-Revising reasons for weaving | |
-Increasing speed and fluidity of traffic | |
-Creating easy access to highways and streets |
Kind of Effect | Effect Value (EV) |
---|---|
Very high effect | 5 |
High effect | 4 |
Moderate effect | 3 |
Low effect | 2 |
Slight effect | 1 |
Indicator | Environmental Indicators | Social Indicators | Economic Indicators | ci* | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air Pollution | Carbon Dioxide Emissions | Fuel Consumption | Green Space Destruction | Land Consumption | Safety | Average Travel Time per Capita | Exposure to Noise Level above 55 dB | Capital Cost | Maintenance and Repair | ||
(kg/h) | (kg/h) | (L/h) | (m²) | (m²) | (acc/year) | (s/pers) | (m²) | (Million $) | (1000 $) | ||
Weight | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
current Sc. | 16.85 | 193.13 | 4275.6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 405.44 | 358.45 | 553,151.4 | 0.00 | 1071.6 | 0.35 |
0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.27 | ||
Scenario 1 | 12.29 | 149.81 | 3233.2 | 28,760 | 28,760.0 | 405.41 | 294.20 | 580,887.4 | 0.53 | 2222.0 | 0.64 |
0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.56 | ||
Scenario 2 | 14.83 | 191.13 | 4248.1 | 0.00 | 290.0 | 405.44 | 308.54 | 553,772.9 | 0.20 | 1072.0 | 0.29 |
0.38 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.27 | ||
Scenario 3 | 16.18 | 167.48 | 3716.0 | 0.00 | 270.0 | 405.44 | 335.98 | 553,608.2 | 0.20 | 1072.8 | 0.28 |
0.42 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.27 | ||
Scenario 4 | 16.38 | 176.77 | 3927.7 | 0.00 | 560.0 | 405.44 | 339.15 | 553,395.2 | 0.39 | 1073.2 | 0.32 |
0.42 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.27 | ||
Scenario 5 | 13.18 | 165.83 | 3670.9 | 0.00 | 560.0 | 405.44 | 354.78 | 552,769.4 | 0.65 | 1089.2 | 0.21 |
0.34 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.27 | ||
Scenario 6 | 11.93 | 146.89 | 3338.5 | 28,760 | 29,320.0 | 405.41 | 299.30 | 565,795.7 | 1.18 | 2239.6 | 0.65 |
0.31 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.77 | 0.56 |
Indicator | Environmental Indicators | Social Indicators | Economic Indicators | SVi | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air Pollution | Carbon Dioxide Emissions | Fuel Consumption | Green Space Destruction | Land Consumption | Safety | Average Travel Time per Capita | Exposure to Noise Level above 55 dB | Capital Cost | Maintenance and Repair | ||
(Kg/h) | (Kg/h) | (L/h) | (m²) | (m²) | (acc/year) | (s/pers) | (m²) | (Million $) | (1000 $) | ||
Weight | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
Effect Value | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
current Sc. | 16.85 | 193.13 | 4275.6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 405.44 | 358.45 | 553,151.4 | 0.00 | 1071.6 | −0.177 |
0.26 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.11 | ||
Scenario 1 | 12.29 | 149.81 | 3233.2 | 28,760 | 28,760.0 | 405.41 | 294.20 | 580,887.4 | 0.53 | 2222.0 | −0.144 |
0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.23 | ||
Scenario 2 | 14.83 | 191.13 | 4248.1 | 0.00 | 290.0 | 405.44 | 308.54 | 553,772.9 | 0.20 | 1072.0 | −0.143 |
0.14 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.11 | ||
Scenario 3 | 16.18 | 167.48 | 3716.0 | 0.00 | 270.0 | 405.44 | 335.98 | 553,608.2 | 0.20 | 1072.8 | −0.132 |
0.21 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.11 | ||
Scenario 4 | 16.38 | 176.77 | 3927.7 | 0.00 | 560.0 | 405.44 | 339.15 | 553,395.2 | 0.39 | 1073.2 | −0.147 |
0.22 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.11 | ||
Scenario 5 | 13.18 | 165.83 | 3670.9 | 0.00 | 560.0 | 405.44 | 354.78 | 552,769.4 | 0.65 | 1089.2 | −0.107 |
0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.11 | ||
Scenario 6 | 11.93 | 146.89 | 3338.5 | 28,760 | 29,320.0 | 405.41 | 299.30 | 565,795.7 | 1.18 | 2239.6 | −0.149 |
0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.23 |
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Shishegaran, A.; Shishegaran, A.; Mazzulla, G.; Forciniti, C. A Novel Approach for a Sustainability Evaluation of Developing System Interchange: The Case Study of the Sheikhfazolah-Yadegar Interchange, Tehran, Iran. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 435. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020435
Shishegaran A, Shishegaran A, Mazzulla G, Forciniti C. A Novel Approach for a Sustainability Evaluation of Developing System Interchange: The Case Study of the Sheikhfazolah-Yadegar Interchange, Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):435. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020435
Chicago/Turabian StyleShishegaran, Aydin, Arshia Shishegaran, Gabriella Mazzulla, and Carmen Forciniti. 2020. "A Novel Approach for a Sustainability Evaluation of Developing System Interchange: The Case Study of the Sheikhfazolah-Yadegar Interchange, Tehran, Iran" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 435. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020435