Activated Sludge Microbial Community and Treatment Performance of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Industrial and Municipal Zones
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. WWTP Operation Conditions and Sampling
2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and High-Throughput Sequencing
2.3. Taxonomy, Community Richness and Diversity, and Gene Function Prediction
2.4. Chemical Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pollutant Removal Efficiencies of the Three WWTPs
3.2. Microbial Community Structure Analysis
3.2.1. Microbial Community Richness and Diversity
3.2.2. Taxonomic Classification of the Bacterial Communities
3.3. KEGG Analysis of Dominant Taxonomic Groups and Related Metabolic Functions
3.4. Effects of Pollutant Concentration and Operation Condition on Microbial Communities
3.4.1. Pollutant Concentration
3.4.2. Operation Condition
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pollutants | D-WWTP | Y-WWTP | Z-WWTP |
---|---|---|---|
CODcr (mg/L) | 185.17 | 221.00 | 234.00 |
BOD5 (mg/L) | 47.87 | 49.64 | 41.80 |
NH4-N (mg/L) | 13.87 | 26.28 | 36.60 |
TN (mg/L) | 19.20 | 39.81 | 45.60 |
TP (mg/L) | 2.40 | 3.95 | 4.36 |
Suspended solids (mg/L) | 45.67 | 88.17 | 63.00 |
Total dissolved solids (mg/L) | 2578.33 | 3748.33 | 770.00 |
Sulfide (mg/L) | 3.322 | 0.922 | 8.860 |
Fluoride (mg/L) | 1.170 | 0.882 | 1.080 |
Cyanide (μg/L) | 4.3 | 61.7 | 4.0 |
Zn (mg/L) | 0.192 | 0.126 | 0.428 |
Fe (mg/L) | 3.128 | 3.329 | 0.622 |
Al (mg/L) | 1.413 | 1.519 | 0.172 |
Mn (mg/L) | 0.293 | 0.323 | 0.180 |
Hg (μg/L) | 0.038 | 0.248 | 0.040 |
As (μg/L) | 0.600 | 0.783 | 0.500 |
Cr (mg/L) | 0.030 | 0.060 | 0.004 |
Phenol (mg/L) | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.028 |
Formaldehyde (mg/L) | 0.057 | 0.050 | 0.140 |
Aniline (mg/L) | 0.082 | 0.062 | 0.220 |
Surfactant (mg/L) | 0.834 | 0.473 | 0.170 |
Chlorobenzene (μg/L) | 1.000 | 159.867 | 1.000 |
Sampling Date | Sludge Sampling Site | OTU | ACE | Chao1 | Shannon | Simpson |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D-WWTP | 873 a | 956 a | 985 a | 5.694 b | 0.007 c | |
November. | Y-WWTP | 759 b | 864 b | 871 b | 5.344 c | 0.010 a |
Z-WWTP | 888 a | 945 a | 957 a | 5.763 a | 0.008 b | |
D-WWTP | 962 a | 1010 a | 1020 a | 5.271 c | 0.024 a | |
September. | Y-WWTP | 921 b | 989 a | 1022 a | 5.372 b | 0.011 b |
Z-WWTP | 968 a | 1007 a | 1017 a | 5.612 a | 0.010 b |
Bacteria | Sludge Sample (Summer) | Sludge Sample (Winter) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DAS | YAS | ZAS | DAW | YAW | ZAW | |
Acidobacteria | A | B | C | AB | A | B |
Actinobacteria | B | A | B | B | A | A |
Aminicenantes | B | A | B | A | A | A |
Armatimonadetes | A | C | B | A | B | B |
BRC1 | B | A | A | B | A | B |
Bacteroidetes | A | B | A | A | B | C |
Chlamydiae | B | C | A | A | C | B |
Chlorobi | B | C | A | B | C | A |
Chloroflexi | C | B | A | B | C | A |
Cyanobacteria | A | C | B | A | C | B |
Deferribacteres | A | B | B | A | A | A |
Elusimicrobia | B | B | A | B | B | A |
Fibrobacteres | A | B | A | A | C | B |
Firmicutes | C | A | B | B | B | A |
Fusobacteria | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Gemmatimonadetes | B | A | A | C | A | B |
Gracilibacteria | A | A | B | A | C | B |
Hydrogenedentes | A | B | B | A | B | B |
Ignavibacteriae | C | B | A | B | A | A |
Latescibacteria | B | B | A | A | A | B |
Microgenomates | A | B | B | A | B | B |
Nitrospirae | C | A | B | B | C | A |
Parcubacteria | C | B | A | B | C | A |
Peregrinibacteria | A | A | A | B | A | B |
Planctomycetes | AB | B | A | A | A | B |
Proteobacteria | A | B | C | B | C | A |
RBG-1[Zixibacteria] | B | B | A | B | B | A |
SR1[Absconditabacteria] | B | B | A | A | A | A |
Saccharibacteria | B | A | B | B | A | C |
Spirochaetae | B | B | A | B | C | A |
Synergistetes | A | A | A | A | A | A |
TM6[Dependentiae] | A | C | B | A | AB | B |
Verrucomicrobia | A | B | A | A | A | A |
Class 1 | Class 2 | DAS | YAS | ZAS | DAW | YAW | ZAW |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolism | Carbohydrate metabolism | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Lipid metabolism | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Energy metabolism | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Nucleotide metabolism | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism | AB | B | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Global and overview maps | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Metabolism | Amino acid metabolism | A | A | A | A | AB | B |
Metabolism | Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism | A | A | B | A | A | B |
Metabolism | Metabolism of other amino acids | A | AB | B | A | AB | B |
Environmental Information Processing | Membrane transport | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Environmental Information Processing | Signal transduction | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Cellular Processes | Cell motility | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Cellular Processes | Transport and catabolism | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Cellular Processes | Cell growth and death | A | B | B | A | A | B |
Cellular Processes | Cellular community | A | B | C | AB | B | A |
Genetic Information Processing | Folding, sorting and degradation | B | AB | A | A | A | A |
Genetic Information Processing | Transcription | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Genetic Information Processing | Translation | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Genetic Information Processing | Replication and repair | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Organismal Systems | Endocrine system | A | A | A | AB | A | B |
Organismal Systems | Circulatory system | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Organismal Systems | Immune system | B | B | A | A | A | A |
Organismal Systems | Environmental adaptation | A | B | B | A | AB | B |
Organismal Systems | Nervous system | A | B | B | A | A | B |
Organismal Systems | Sensory system | A | B | B | A | B | A |
Organismal Systems | Excretory system | B | B | A | AB | A | B |
Organismal Systems | Digestive system | A | B | AB | A | A | B |
Human Diseases | Drug resistance | A | A | A | A | AB | B |
Human Diseases | Endocrine and metabolic diseases | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Human Diseases | Cancers: Overview | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Human Diseases | Infectious diseases: Bacterial | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Human Diseases | Neurodegenerative diseases | A | B | B | A | AB | B |
Human Diseases | Substance dependence | A | B | B | A | B | C |
Human Diseases | Infectious diseases: Parasitic | A | C | B | A | B | B |
Human Diseases | Infectious diseases: Viral | A | B | B | A | B | B |
Human Diseases | Cancers: Specific types | A | B | B | A | A | A |
Human Diseases | Immune diseases | A | B | B | A | A | B |
Human Diseases | Cardiovascular diseases | A | B | C | A | B | B |
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Yang, Y.; Wang, L.; Xiang, F.; Zhao, L.; Qiao, Z. Activated Sludge Microbial Community and Treatment Performance of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Industrial and Municipal Zones. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 436. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020436
Yang Y, Wang L, Xiang F, Zhao L, Qiao Z. Activated Sludge Microbial Community and Treatment Performance of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Industrial and Municipal Zones. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):436. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020436
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yongkui, Longfei Wang, Feng Xiang, Lin Zhao, and Zhi Qiao. 2020. "Activated Sludge Microbial Community and Treatment Performance of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Industrial and Municipal Zones" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 436. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020436