Trends and Associated Factors of Dietary Knowledge among Chinese Older Residents: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004–2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Demographic Information
2.3.2. Dietary Knowledge
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics Statements
3. Results
3.1. General Information
3.2. Dietary Knowledge Trend 2004–2015
3.3. Factors Associated with Dietary Knowledge
3.3.1. Univariate Analysis
3.3.2. Multi-Factor Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 2004 (n = 2181) | 2006 (n = 2399) | 2009 (n = 2718) | 2011 (n = 3745) | 2015 (n = 4564) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||||
60–69 | 1259 (57.7) | 1367 (57.0) | 1546 (56.9) | 2266 (60.5) | 2822 (61.8) |
70–79 | 734 (33.7) | 815 (34.0) | 900 (33.1) | 1128 (30.1) | 1306 (28.6) |
≥80 | 188 (8.6) | 217 (9.0) | 272 (10.0) | 351 (9.4) | 436 (9.6) |
Gender | |||||
Male | 1024 (47.0) | 1124 (46.9) | 1275 (46.9) | 1775 (47.4) | 2136 (46.8) |
Female | 1157 (53.0) | 1275 (53.1) | 1443 (53.1) | 1970 (52.6) | 2428 (53.2) |
Education level | |||||
Below primary school a | 1116 (51.4) | 1297 (54.4) | 1324 (48.9) | 1573 (42.1) | 1497 (32.8) |
Primary school | 525 (24.2) | 451 (18.9) | 633 (23.4) | 795 (21.3) | 1043 (22.9) |
Middle school | 260 (12.0) | 307 (12.9) | 401 (14.8) | 716 (19.2) | 1044 (22.9) |
High school or above | 272 (12.5) | 331 (13.9) | 351 (13.0) | 651 (17.4) | 980 (21.5) |
Nationality | |||||
Han | 1933 (88.6) | 2109 (87.9) | 2351 (86.8) | 3357 (89.8) | 4078 (90.1) |
The minority | 248 (11.4) | 290 (12.1) | 358 (13.2) | 381 (10.2) | 448 (9.9) |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
<20 | 444 (21.5) | 476 (21.2) | 494 (19.1) | 571 (15.6) | 493 (11.8) |
20–26.9 | 1318 (63.9) | 1452 (64.7) | 1710 (66.0) | 2463 (67.1) | 2825 (67.5) |
≥27 | 300 (14.5) | 317 (14.1) | 386 (14.9) | 637 (17.4) | 868 (20.7) |
Place of residence | |||||
Urban | 839 (38.5) | 892 (37.2) | 979 (36.0) | 1599 (42.7) | 1915 (42.0) |
Rural | 1342 (61.5) | 1507 (62.8) | 1739 (64.0) | 2146 (57.3) | 2649 (58.0) |
Geographical region | |||||
Western region | 596 (27.1) | 650 (27.1) | 730 (26.9) | 1011 (27.0) | 1218 (26.7) |
Central region | 665 (30.4) | 729 (30.8) | 837 (30.8) | 939 (25.1) | 1068 (23.4) |
Eastern region | 554 (25.4) | 609 (25.4) | 681 (25.1) | 1279 (34.2) | 1680 (36.8) |
Northeast region | 366 (16.8) | 411 (17.1) | 470 (17.3) | 516 (13.8) | 598 (13.1) |
2004 | 2006 | 2009 | 2011 | 2015 | Cochran-Armitage χ2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Choosing a diet with a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables is good for one’s health. | 124 (5.7) | 1799 (75.0) | 2031 (74.7) | 2807 (75.0) | 3393 (74.3) | 1515.41 a *** |
Q2 c | Eating a lot of sugar is good for one’s health. | 1536 (70.4) | 1631 (68.0) | 2007 (73.8) | 2952 (78.8) | 3222 (70.6) | 4.65 a * |
Q3 | Eating a variety of foods is good for one’s health. | 74 (3.4) | 1794 (74.8) | 2005 (73.8) | 2861 (76.4) | 3303 (72.4) | 1487.21 a *** |
Q4 c | Choosing a diet high in fat is good for one’s health. | 1510 (69.2) | 1577 (65.7) | 2013 (74.1) | 2888 (77.1) | 3158 (69.2) | 4.46 a * |
Q5 | Choosing a diet with a lot of staple foods (rice and rice products, wheat and wheat products) is not good for one’s health. | 17 (0.8) | 879 (36.6) | 1009 (37.1) | 1554 (41.5) | 1790 (39.2) | 567.81 a *** |
Q6 c | Consuming a lot of animal products daily (fish, poultry, eggs and lean meat) is good for one’s health. | 1160 (53.2) | 1099 (45.8) | 1398 (51.4) | 2141 (57.2) | 2717 (59.5) | 92.75 a *** |
Q7 | Reducing the amount of fatty meat and animal fat in the diet is good for one’s health. | 62 (2.8) | 1525 (63.6) | 1943 (71.5) | 2786 (74.4) | 3054 (66.9) | 1403.74 a *** |
Q8 | Consuming milk and dairy products is good for one’s health. | 149 (6.8) | 1959 (81.7) | 2258 (83.1) | 3195 (85.3) | 3593 (78.7) | 1801.89 a *** |
Q9 | Consuming beans and bean products is good for one’s health. | 169 (7.7) | 2046 (85.3) | 2347 (86.4) | 3235 (86.4) | 3672 (80.5) | 1827.50 a *** |
Q10 | Physical activities are good for one’s health. | 136 (6.2) | 1972 (82.2) | 2198 (80.9) | 3120 (83.3) | 3440 (75.4) | 1475.46 a *** |
Q11 c | Sweaty sports or other intense physical activities are not good for one’s health. | 698 (32.0) | 619 (25.8) | 689 (25.3) | 919 (24.5) | 1156 (25.3) | 20.05 b *** |
Q12 c | The heavier one’s body is, the healthier he or she is. | 1706 (78.2) | 1960 (81.7) | 2227 (81.9) | 3222 (86.6) | 3343 (73.2) | 43.93 b *** |
Variables | Categories | Total | Adequate Dietary Knowledge Literacy | χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 1267, 30.5%) | No (n = 2883, 69.5%) | ||||
Age (years) | 60–69 | 2630 | 831 (31.6) | 1799 (68.4) | 4.63 |
70–79 | 1194 | 336 (28.1) | 858 (71.9) | ||
≥80 | 326 | 100 (30.7) | 226 (69.3) | ||
Gender | Female | 1932 | 617 (31.9) | 1315 (68.1) | 3.37 |
Male | 2218 | 650 (29.3) | 1568 (70.7) | ||
Education level a | Below primary school | 1334 | 295 (22.1) | 1039 (77.9) | 130.57 *** |
Primary school | 970 | 272 (28.0) | 698 (72.0) | ||
Middle school | 960 | 305 (31.8) | 655 (68.2) | ||
High school or above | 886 | 395 (44.6) | 491 (55.4) | ||
Nationality | The minority | 400 | 96 (24.0) | 304 (76.0) | 8.90 ** |
Han | 3750 | 1171 (31.2) | 2579 (68.8) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | <20 | 491 | 121 (24.6) | 370 (75.4) | 13.81 ** |
20–26.9 | 2799 | 851 (30.4) | 1948 (69.6) | ||
≥27 | 860 | 295 (34.3) | 565 (65.7) | ||
Place of residence | Urban | 1724 | 615 (35.7) | 1109 (64.3) | 36.78 *** |
Rural | 2426 | 652 (26.9) | 1774 (73.1) | ||
Geographical area | Western region | 1099 | 199 (18.1) | 900 (81.9) | 197.66 *** |
Eastern region | 1580 | 632 (40.0) | 948 (60.0) | ||
Central region | 948 | 221 (23.3) | 727 (76.7) | ||
Northeast region | 523 | 215 (41.1) | 308 (58.9) | ||
Knowing about CFP/DGCR | No | 3166 | 823 (26.0) | 2343 (74.0) | 129.49 *** |
Yes | 984 | 444 (45.1) | 540 (54.9) | ||
Proactively looking for nutrition knowledge | No | 3081 | 793 (25.7) | 2288 (74.3) | 129.49 *** |
Yes | 1069 | 474 (44.3) | 595 (55.7) |
Variables | OR | 95% CI for OR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Education level (vs. Below primary school) | ||||
Primary school | 1.25 | 1.02 | 1.52 | 0.029 |
Middle school | 1.37 | 1.11 | 1.67 | 0.003 |
High school or above | 2.07 | 1.68 | 2.55 | 0.000 |
Race (vs. The minority) | ||||
Han | 0.93 | 0.72 | 1.21 | 0.590 |
BMI (vs. <20) | ||||
20–26.9 | 1.07 | 0.85 | 1.35 | 0.570 |
≥27 | 1.22 | 0.94 | 1.58 | 0.142 |
Place of residence (vs. Urban areas) | ||||
Rural areas | 0.85 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.033 |
Geographical area (vs. Western region) | ||||
Eastern region | 2.57 | 2.11 | 3.14 | 0.000 |
Central region | 1.39 | 1.11 | 1.74 | 0.004 |
Northeast region | 2.85 | 2.24 | 3.61 | 0.000 |
Knowing about CFP/DGCR (vs. No) | ||||
Yes | 1.37 | 1.13 | 1.67 | 0.002 |
Proactively looking for nutrition knowledge (vs. No) | ||||
Yes | 1.39 | 1.15 | 1.68 | 0.001 |
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Wang, S.; Yang, Y.; Hu, R.; Long, H.; Wang, N.; Wang, Q.; Mao, Z. Trends and Associated Factors of Dietary Knowledge among Chinese Older Residents: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004–2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8029. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17218029
Wang S, Yang Y, Hu R, Long H, Wang N, Wang Q, Mao Z. Trends and Associated Factors of Dietary Knowledge among Chinese Older Residents: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004–2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8029. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17218029
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shizhen, Ying Yang, Runhu Hu, Hongfei Long, Ni Wang, Quan Wang, and Zongfu Mao. 2020. "Trends and Associated Factors of Dietary Knowledge among Chinese Older Residents: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004–2015" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8029. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17218029