Development of a Method to Potentially Substitute Direct Evaluation of Mesopic Visual Acuity in Drivers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
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- Without any filter;
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- With neutral density filters of 90% decreasing density (10% transmittance);
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- With neutral density filters of 80% decreasing density (20% transmittance);
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- With neutral density filters of 70% decreasing density (30% transmittance).
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Younger | Older | Total Sample |
---|---|---|---|
(Aged 20–50) | (Aged 51–80) | ||
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 29.8 ± 4.4 | 62.3 ± 4.3 | 46.1 ± 17.0 |
Gender | |||
Male | 16.67% | 61.54% | 37.50% |
Female | 83.33% | 38.46% | 73.21% |
Refractive error (D) | |||
Emmetropes | 56.67% | 53.85% | 55.36% |
Myopes | 33.33% | 23.08% | 28.57% |
Hyperopes | 10.00% | 23.08% | 16.07% |
Lighting Conditions | Contrast | VA (Mean ± SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Sample | Younger | Older | Differences | p | ||
Mesopic | 100% | 0.01 ± 0.12 | −0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.09 ± 0.12 | −0.15 ± 0.09 | 0.0001 |
Photopic | 100% | −0.06 ± 0.06 | −0.09 ± 0.01 | −0.02 ± 0.07 | −0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.0001 |
Photopic | 20% | −0.03 ± 0.08 | −0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.09 | −0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.0001 |
Photopic | 10% | 0.04 ± 0.11 | −0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.13 ± 0.12 | −0.15 ± 0.09 | 0.0001 |
Photopic | 5% | 0.13 ± 0.15 | 0.04 ± 0.09 | 0.23 ± 0.14 | −0.18 ± 0.12 | 0.0001 |
Photopic | 2.5% | 0.20 ± 0.15 | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.13 | −0.21 ± 0.11 | 0.0001 |
Photopic | 1.25% | 0.37 ± 0.12 | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 0.50 ± 0.15 | −0.25 ± 0.12 | 0.0001 |
Filter | Contrast | VA in Photopic Environment (Mean ± SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Sample | Younger | Older | Differences | p | ||
90% | 100% | −0.01 ± 0.10 | −0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.11 | −0.11 ± 0.08 | 0.0001 |
20% | 0.05 ± 0.13 | −0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.14 ± 0.14 | −0.16 ± 0.11 | 0.0001 | |
10% | 0.16 ± 0.13 | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.13 | −0.17 ± 0.11 | 0.0001 | |
5% | 0.28 ± 0.15 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.37 ± 0.15 | −0.17 ± 0.12 | 0.0001 | |
2.5% | 0.35 ± 0.15 | 0.27 ± 0.08 | 0.44 ± 0.16 | −0.18 ± 0.12 | 0.0001 | |
1.25% | 0.53 ± 0.17 | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.64 ± 0.20 | −0.20 ± 0.13 | 0.0001 | |
80% | 100% | −0.03 ± 0.08 | −0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.10 | −0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.0001 |
20% | 0.01 ± 0.11 | −0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.11 | −0.14 ± 0.08 | 0.0001 | |
10% | 0.12 ± 0.13 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.20 ± 0.13 | −0.14 ± 0.10 | 0.0001 | |
5% | 0.22 ± 0.15 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | −0.20 ± 0.11 | 0.0001 | |
2.5% | 0.29 ± 0.16 | 0.19 ± 0.08 | 0.41 ± 0.16 | −0.22 ± 0.13 | 0.0001 | |
1.25% | 0.46 ± 0.17 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.58 ± 0.17 | −0.23 ± 0.12 | 0.0001 | |
70% | 100% | −0.04 ± 0.07 | −0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.08 | −0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.0001 |
20% | 0.00 ± 0.10 | −0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.11 | −0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.0001 | |
10% | 0.09 ± 0.13 | 0.02 ± 0.06 | 0.17 ± 0.14 | −0.15 ± 0.11 | 0.0001 | |
5% | 0.20 ± 0.15 | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.30 ± 0.15 | −0.19 ± 0.12 | 0.0001 | |
2.5% | 0.26 ± 0.16 | 0.18 ± 0.08 | 0.36 ± 0.17 | −0.19 ± 0.13 | 0.0001 | |
1.25% | 0.41 ± 0.17 | 0.31 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.19 | −0.20 ± 0.14 | 0.0001 |
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Garcia-Rojo, M.; Bonnin-Arias, C.; Chamorro, E.; Alvarez-Peregrina, C.; Sanchez-Ramos, C. Development of a Method to Potentially Substitute Direct Evaluation of Mesopic Visual Acuity in Drivers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4733. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094733
Garcia-Rojo M, Bonnin-Arias C, Chamorro E, Alvarez-Peregrina C, Sanchez-Ramos C. Development of a Method to Potentially Substitute Direct Evaluation of Mesopic Visual Acuity in Drivers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4733. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094733
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcia-Rojo, Marta, Cristina Bonnin-Arias, Eva Chamorro, Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina, and Celia Sanchez-Ramos. 2021. "Development of a Method to Potentially Substitute Direct Evaluation of Mesopic Visual Acuity in Drivers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4733. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094733