Bioactive Compounds of Porcine Hearts and Aortas May Improve Cardiovascular Disorders in Humans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Meat Product
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Participants
2.4. Anthropometric and Blood Pressure Measurements
2.5. Blood Sampling
2.6. Biochemical Analysis
2.7. Fatty Acid Analysis and Cholesterol Determination in the Meat Product
2.8. Extraction and Sequencing of Biopeptides
2.8.1. LC−MS/MS Analysis
2.8.2. Sequencing of Biopeptides
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anthropometry and Blood Pressure
3.2. Serum Cholesterol Profile
3.3. Serum Biochemical Parameters
3.4. Lipid Profile of Meat Product
3.5. Identification of Bioactive Peptides
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition | LCD | LCD + MP |
---|---|---|
Energy value, kcal/day | 1350.0–1550.0 | 1437.0–1682.0 |
Proteins, g/day | 70.0–80.0 | 86.5–98.0 |
Fat, g/day | 60.0–70.0 | 63.0–76.0 |
Saturated fatty acid, g/day | 20.6–24.0 | 21.8–25.5 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid, g/day | 15.3–17.9 | 16.3–19.9 |
Carbohydrates, g/day | 130.0–150.0 | 131.0–151.5 |
Fibre, g/day | 20.2–23.2 | 20.2–23.2 |
Sodium chloride, g/day | 4.0–4.6 | 4.3–4.9 |
Variables | Control Group | Experimental Group | Between Groups | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | ||||||||
T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | ||||||||||||||
Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P a | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P b | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P a | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P b | P c | P c | P c | P c | P c | |||||||
Body mass (kg) | 103.2 (81.3–128.5) | 101.2 (80.1–123.2) | 100.3 (79.8–122.1) | 0.638 | 3.1 (1.2–5.4) | 2.5 (1.6–6.2) | 0.246 | 99.7 (93.7–123.0) | 96.7 (91.7–120.0) | 96.5 (92.7–123.7) | 0.663 | 3.7 (2.3–4.5) | 3.5 (1.7–5.5) | 0.795 | 0.466 | 0.420 | 0.438 | 0.506 | 0.752 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 39.4 (34.3–43.2) | 38.2 (33.4–42.3) | 38.7 (33.3–41.7) | 0.638 | 1.2 (0.6–1.8) | 0.9 (0.7–2.0) | 0.227 | 41.6 (34.6–47.5) | 40.2 (33.0–46.3) | 40.0 (31.9–47.4) | 0.663 | 1.4 (0.9–1.8) | 1.3 (0.6–2.2) | 0.687 | 0.558 | 0.580 | 0.537 | 0.420 | 0.837 |
Variables | Control Group | Experimental Group | Between Groups | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T2 | Difference | T0 | T2 | Difference | T0 | T2 | Difference | |||
T0–T2 | T0–T2 | T0–T2 | |||||||||
Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P b | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P b | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P c | P c | P c | |||
SBP (mmHg) | 150.0 (140.0–160.0) | 130.0 (120.0–135.0) | <0.001 | 20.0 (15.0–25.0) | 150.0 (145.0–165.0) | 127.5 (120.0–135.0) | <0.001 | 25.0 (10.0–30.0) | 0.837 | 0.547 | 0.189 |
DBP (mmHg) | 90.0 (80.0–95.0) | 82.5 (75.0–85.0) | 0.001 | 7.5 (5.0–15.0) | 82.5 (80.0–100.0) | 75.0 (70.0–80.0) | <0.001 | 10.0 (5.0–20.0) | 0.937 | 0.133 | 0.146 |
Variables | Control Group | Experimental Group | Between Groups | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | ||||||||
T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | ||||||||||||||
Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P a | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P b | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P a | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P b | P c | P c | P c | P c | P c | |||||||
TCL (mg/dL) | 142.2 (130.9–162.8) | 129.5 (112.6–148.0) | 142.7 (135.0–175.9) | 0.179 | 10.9 (−1.5–47.9) | −7.8 (−22.7–13.1) | 0.058 | 158.1 (141.1–214.0) | 131.4 (117.4–170.1) | 149.6 (124.3–158.4) | 0.001 | 25.0 (14.4–30.5) | 31.1 (−2.0–65.6) | 0.679 | 0.056 | 0.438 | 0.937 | 0.261 | 0.018 |
CL LDL (mg/dL) | 71.8 (60.7–90.1) | 66.2 (51.1–83.1) | 82.0 (69.8–87.3) | 0.029 | 9.1 (−6.3–29.11) | −8.77 (−18.2–0.7) | 0.053 | 83.7 (73.1–128.4) | 62.9 (59.6–102.3) | 73.4 (68.8–90.6) | 0.003 | 14.1 (8.1–26.8) | 6.6 (0.42–49.1) | 0.586 | 0.074 | 0.420 | 0.579 | 0.248 | 0.005 |
CL HDL (mg/dL) | 44.2 (39.8–49.3) | 41.2 (35.6–47.7) | 44.8 (36.9–53.2) | 0.029 | 2.9 (−1.5–6.4) | −2.6 (−7.7–2.6) | 0.014 | 43.0 (35.1–51.6) | 38.3 (32.3–44.0) | 42.2 (36.1–53.1) | 0.017 | 3.2 (0.0–7.3) | −2.1 (−5.5–2.9) | 0.043 | 0.987 | 0.351 | 0.635 | 0.517 | 0.537 |
AI (rel. un.) | 2.58 (1.91–3.11) | 2.18 (1.75–2.44) | 2.44 (1.79–3.08) | 0.066 | 0.31 (−0.21–0.75) | 0.12 (−0.48–0.58) | 0.078 | 3.13 (2.53–4.09) | 2.59 (1.81–3.42) | 2.39 (1.79–2.71) | 0.030 | 0.44 (−0.02–0.86) | 0.62 (0.11–1.53) | 0.306 | 0.074 | 0.079 | 0.812 | 0.517 | 0.064 |
Variables | Control Group | Experimental Group | Between Groups | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | T0 | T1 | T2 | Difference | ||||||||
T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | ||||||||||||||
Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P a | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P b | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P a | Median (25th–75th) Percentile | P b | P c | P c | P c | P c | P c | |||||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 101.8 (95.5–118.9) | 100.0 (91.9–108.1) | 88.2 (82.8–102.7) | 0.021 | 4.5 (−3.6–12.6) | 9.0 (1.8–18.0) | 0.240 | 118.9 (100.9–149.5) | 112.6 (106.3–131.5) | 125.2 (111.7–142.3) | 0.084 | 10.8 (−5.4–12.6) | −9.0 (−14.4–10.8) | 0.334 | 0.057 | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.466 | 0.103 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.799 (0.738–0.878) | 0.770 (0.717–0.937) | 0.797 (0.760–0.816) | 0.678 | −0.016 (−0.137–0.086) | 0.008 (−0.072–0.094)) | 0.557 | 0.850 (0.767–0.952) | 0.883 (0.791–1.078) | 0.852 (0.772–0.912) | 0.128 | −0.052 (−0.180–0.027) | −0.018 (−0.053–0.085) | 0.028 | 0.275 | 0.048 | 0.071 | 0.384 | 0.987 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 39.1 (33.5–51.8) | 38.9 (32.8–47.2) | 42.5 (34.9–49.0) | 0.167 | 3.8 (−5.5–8.5) | −2.8 (−9.6–2.5) | 0.227 | 46.1 (35.3–51.6) | 53.5 (37.4–85.2) | 46.9 (41.9–59.3) | 0.042 | −10.9 (−32.4– –1.6) | −5.8 (−16.0–8.5) | 0.035 | 0.477 | 0.008 | 0.150 | 0.003 | 0.764 |
LDH (U/L) | 136.8 (107.8–160.0) | 134.0 (104.1–150.8) | 143.7 (125.6–153.9) | 0.358 | 7.2 (−19.3–32.9) | −3.9 (−18.6–6.1) | 0.071 | 131.3 (116.1–157.8) | 124.9 (98.7–137.9) | 138.6 (124.1–152.3) | 0.115 | 11.8 (−1.4–32.9) | −11.9 (−25.1–18.9) | 0.025 | 0.812 | 0.578 | 0.800 | 0.411 | 0.888 |
CPK (U/L) | 77.7 (66.7–106.4) | 78.4 (59.2–93.1) | 75.3 (61.8–97.9) | 0.801 | −1.2 (−38.4–23.1) | 1.9 (−4.8–43.2) | 0.679 | 80.9 (65.4–96.3) | 89.2 (55.2–119.0) | 85.3 (56.0–113.6) | 0.678 | −4.0 (−51.2–6.3) | 1.2 (−27.6–32.1) | 0.396 | 0.912 | 0.602 | 0.402 | 0.384 | 0.477 |
AlkPhos (U/L) | 99.3 (83.8–108.5) | 95.6 (86.6–103.0) | 96.5 (94.6–98.8) | 0.678 | 2.0 (−2.2–9.2) | 1.8 (−9.1–10.0) | 0.349 | 80.7 (71.0–96.9) | 90.2 (83.8–101.6) | 86.0 (79.0–105.1) | 0.066 | −4.1 (−13.8–0.7) | −4.7 (−30.4–0.2) | 0.500 | 0.094 | 0.558 | 0.141 | 0.031 | 0.052 |
GGTP (U/L) | 21.7 (13.4–38.0) | 18.2 (13.2–33.1) | 26.0 (15.6–60.3) | 0.486 | 1.8 (−1.3–5.3) | −1.5 (−7.8–3.1) | 0.231 | 20.6 (16.4–30.8) | 19.6 (15.7–26.6) | 24.1 (16.6–31.4) | 0.211 | 2.0 (−0.3–4.2) | 0.0 (−2.7–2.9) | 0.151 | 0.888 | 0.728 | 0.517 | 0.558 | 0.692 |
AST (U/L) | 20.6 (15.6–24.1) | 21.0 (16.0–24.0) | 18.2 (16.2–21.7) | 0.946 | 1.1 (−2.1–3.6) | −0.6 (−2.7–3.2) | 0.862 | 18.5 (15.1–24.0) | 19.7 (15.8–24.7) | 19.2 (15.4–22.5) | 0.577 | −0.4 (−2.2–1.5) | −0.2 (−4.0–2.5) | 0.500 | 0.624 | 0.862 | 0.602 | 0.467 | 0.924 |
ALT (U/L) | 17.7 (10.2–23.7) | 15.4 (11.2–32.0) | 20.4 (13.2–29.8) | 0.607 | –0.9 (−6.6–5.0) | −2.2 (−11.2–5.7) | 0.647 | 13.6 (10.5–16.9) | 13.6 (9.7–19.8) | 12.1 (9.3–20.1) | 0.678 | −1.6 (−5.5–4.8) | −2.0 (−5.5–2.9) | 0.913 | 0.235 | 0.319 | 0.154 | 0.937 | 0.987 |
De Ritis ratio (rel. un.) | 1.24 (1.01–1.46) | 1.28 (0.72–1.70) | 0.96 (0.74–1.31) | 0.311 | 0,10 (−0.46–0.46) | 0.26 (−0.46–0.48) | 0.184 | 1.34 (1.08–2.13) | 1.42 (0.85–2.37) | 1.43 (0.99–1.61) | 0.846 | −0.09 −0.79–0.73) | 0.22 (−0.35–0.74) | 0.616 | 0.261 | 0.223 | 0.133 | 0.937 | 0.837 |
Variables | Control Group | Experimental Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cholesterol, mg/dL | AI (rel. un.) | Cholesterol, mg/dL | AI (rel. un.) | |||||
Total | LDL | HDL | Total | LDL | HDL | |||
Difference T0–T2 (outpatient Period) | ||||||||
Body mass (kg) | ||||||||
Correlation coefficient | 0.261 | 0.355 | −0.126 | 0.436 | 0.411 | 0.404 | 0.553 * | 0.069 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.295 | 0.148 | 0.618 | 0.071 | 0.090 | 0.097 | 0.017 | 0.785 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
Correlation coefficient | 0.304 | 0.395 | −0.067 | 0.432 | 0.422 | 0.391 | 0.534 * | 0.086 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.219 | 0.104 | 0.791 | 0.073 | 0.081 | 0.109 | 0.024 | 0.735 |
SBP (mmHg) | ||||||||
Correlation coefficient | 0.093 | 0.288 | −0.440 | 0.240 | −0.050 | −0.069 | 0.075 | −0.218 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.713 | 0.246 | 0.067 | 0.336 | 0.842 | 0.784 | 0.768 | 0.386 |
DBP (mmHg) | ||||||||
Correlation coefficient | −0.012 | 0.156 | 0.130 | −0.164 | −0.017 | 0.000 | 0.184 | −0.243 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.963 | 0.537 | 0.606 | 0.515 | 0.947 | 1.000 | 0.465 | 0.331 |
Variables | Control Group | Experimental Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
Total | LDL | HDL | Total | LDL | HDL | |
Difference T0–T1 (inpatient period) | ||||||
AI (rel. un.) | ||||||
Correlation coefficient | 0.525 * | 0.476 * | 0.003 | 0.600 * | 0.507 * | −0.238 |
Significance (two–tailed) | 0.025 | 0.046 | 0.990 | 0.009 | 0.032 | 0.341 |
Difference T0–T2 (outpatient period) | ||||||
AI (rel. un.) | ||||||
Correlation coefficient | 0.670 * | 0.703 * | 0.020 | 0.740 * | 0.810 * | 0.071 |
Significance (two–tailed) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.938 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.779 |
Variables | Control Group | Experimental Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
Total | LDL | HDL | Total | LDL | HDL | |
Difference T0–T1 (inpatient period) | ||||||
Age | ||||||
Correlation coefficient | −0.149 | −0.158 | 0.070 | −0.163 | −0.181 | −0.332 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.556 | 0.531 | 0.784 | 0.518 | 0.472 | 0.178 |
Gender | ||||||
Correlation coefficient | 0.209 | 0.165 | 0.231 | −0.209 | −0.318 | −0.055 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.406 | 0.513 | 0.357 | 0.406 | 0.198 | 0.829 |
Difference T0–T2 (outpatient period) | ||||||
Age | ||||||
Correlation coefficient | −0.213 | −0.194 | −0.216 | –0.119 | −0.175 | −0.137 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.396 | 0.440 | 0.390 | 0.638 | 0.488 | 0.587 |
Gender | ||||||
Correlation coefficient | −0.055 | −0.165 | 0.022 | −0.209 | −0.253 | −0.286 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.829 | 0.514 | 0.931 | 0.406 | 0.312 | 0.250 |
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Chernukha, I.; Kotenkova, E.; Derbeneva, S.; Khvostov, D. Bioactive Compounds of Porcine Hearts and Aortas May Improve Cardiovascular Disorders in Humans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7330. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18147330
Chernukha I, Kotenkova E, Derbeneva S, Khvostov D. Bioactive Compounds of Porcine Hearts and Aortas May Improve Cardiovascular Disorders in Humans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7330. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18147330
Chicago/Turabian StyleChernukha, Irina, Elena Kotenkova, Svetlana Derbeneva, and Daniil Khvostov. 2021. "Bioactive Compounds of Porcine Hearts and Aortas May Improve Cardiovascular Disorders in Humans" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7330. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18147330