Micro-Topography Mapping through Terrestrial LiDAR in Densely Vegetated Coastal Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Site and Field Data Collection
3. Methodology
3.1. Overview of an Adaptive Method for Terrain Correction
3.2. Stage 1: Initial DEM Generation
3.3. Stage 2: Object-Oriented Classification
3.4. Stage 3: Terrain Correction
3.4.1. DEM Correction for Tall Vegetation
3.4.2. DEM Correction for Low Vegetation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Initial DEM Generation and Accuracy Assessment
4.2. Land Cover Classification
4.3. DEM Correction for Tall Vegetation
4.4. DEM Correction for Low Vegetation
4.5. Application of Existing Correction Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Iterations | Raster Width (m) | Distance Threshold (m) |
---|---|---|
1 | 10 | 15 |
2 | 5 | 7 |
3 | 2.5 | 3 |
4 | 0.75 | 0.5 |
5 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Land Cover | Minimum (m) | Maximum (m) | Mean (m) | Standard Deviation (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bare ground | −0.067 | 0.091 | −0.003 | 0.023 |
Low vegetation | −0.050 | 0.573 | 0.377 | 0.125 |
Tall vegetation | 0.043 | 1.783 | 0.993 | 0.397 |
Correction Factor | MBE (m) | RMSE(m) |
---|---|---|
Mean Error | 0.12 | 0.19 |
75th Percentile Error | 0.10 | 0.17 |
95th Percentile Error | −0.06 | 0.15 |
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Zhang, X.; Meng, X.; Li, C.; Shang, N.; Wang, J.; Xu, Y.; Wu, T.; Mugnier, C. Micro-Topography Mapping through Terrestrial LiDAR in Densely Vegetated Coastal Environments. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 665. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi10100665
Zhang X, Meng X, Li C, Shang N, Wang J, Xu Y, Wu T, Mugnier C. Micro-Topography Mapping through Terrestrial LiDAR in Densely Vegetated Coastal Environments. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(10):665. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi10100665
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xukai, Xuelian Meng, Chunyan Li, Nan Shang, Jiaze Wang, Yaping Xu, Tao Wu, and Cliff Mugnier. 2021. "Micro-Topography Mapping through Terrestrial LiDAR in Densely Vegetated Coastal Environments" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10: 665. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijgi10100665