Assessing Student’s Achievement Gaps between Ethnic Groups in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Ethnic Structure
2.3. Inclusion Criteria
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Household Income
3.2. Parental Education
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | G6 | |||||||||||||
-Value | -Value | -Value | -Value | -Value | -Value | |||||||||||||
Sao Paulo—Mathematics | ||||||||||||||||||
All | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||||||||
W-B | 2.0 | <0.01 | 2.2 | <0.01 | 4.0 | <0.01 | 3.6 | <0.01 | 7.3 | <0.01 | 6.5 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-P | 2.1 | <0.01 | 2.3 | <0.01 | 3.0 | <0.01 | 3.6 | <0.01 | 3.5 | <0.01 | 3.9 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-A | 1.0 | 0.43 | −0.9 | 0.32 | −4.8 | <0.01 | −6.0 | <0.01 | −5.9 | 0.03 | −14.5 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-I | 1.8 | 0.34 | 2.9 | 0.01 | 1.6 | 0.44 | 3.0 | 0.36 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
Sao Paulo—Writing | ||||||||||||||||||
All | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||||||||
W-B | 3.4 | <0.01 | 3.5 | <0.01 | 3.6 | <0.01 | 3.8 | <0.01 | 1.3 | 0.50 | 9.0 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-P | 3.4 | <0.01 | 3.1 | <0.01 | 3.8 | <0.01 | 2.8 | <0.01 | 4.7 | <0.01 | 2.6 | 0.04 | ||||||
W-A | 2.2 | 0.42 | 2.3 | 0.06 | −2.0 | 0.10 | −4.8 | 0.01 | −0.3 | 0.91 | −7.3 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-I | 1.3 | 0.72 | 6.2 | <0.01 | 5.4 | 0.04 | 4.6 | 0.30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
Amazonas—Mathematics | ||||||||||||||||||
All | 0.67 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
W-B | −1.0 | 0.57 | −3.8 | 0.07 | −0.4 | 0.88 | −1.7 | 0.72 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
W-P | 0.3 | 0.79 | 1.3 | 0.20 | 0.1 | 0.96 | 2.8 | 0.32 | 2.7 | 0.59 | 0.6 | 0.89 | ||||||
W-A | −2.2 | 0.38 | −0.2 | 0.95 | −3.5 | 0.43 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
W-I | −2.0 | 0.50 | 5.3 | 0.08 | 4.1 | 0.45 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Amazonas—Writing | ||||||||||||||||||
All | <0.01 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.54 | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
W-B | 5.0 | 0.22 | 3.2 | 0.36 | −5.5 | 0.23 | 7.3 | 0.31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
W-P | 6.2 | <0.01 | 2.4 | 0.16 | −2.8 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.99 | 6.3 | 0.36 | 1.0 | 0.83 | ||||||
W-A | −7.3 | 0.15 | 4.8 | 0.33 | −1.2 | 0.87 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
W-I | 4.0 | 0.54 | 18.4 | <0.01 | −17.9 | <0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | G6 | |||||||||||||
-Value | -Value | -Value | -Value | -Value | -Value | |||||||||||||
Sao Paulo—Mathematics | ||||||||||||||||||
All | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||||||||
W-B | 7.4 | 0.04 | 2.8 | <0.01 | 3.5 | <0.01 | 3.6 | <0.01 | 6.1 | <0.01 | 6.0 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-P | 5.2 | 0.05 | 2.5 | <0.01 | 2.7 | <0.01 | 2.8 | <0.01 | 5.4 | <0.01 | 5.2 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-A | - | - | - | 2.3 | 0.19 | 0.9 | 0.42 | −4.0 | <0.01 | −9.1 | <0.01 | −10.7 | <0.01 | |||||
W-I | - | - | - | 4.5 | 0.04 | 4.3 | 0.02 | 1.7 | 0.21 | 6.0 | 0.06 | 11.9 | 0.06 | |||||
Sao Paulo—Writing | ||||||||||||||||||
All | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||||||||||||
W-B | 1.8 | 0.81 | 5.7 | <0.01 | 4.7 | <0.01 | 3.4 | <0.01 | 5.7 | <0.01 | 4.4 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-P | 4.4 | 0.32 | 3.0 | <0.01 | 3.6 | <0.01 | 3.3 | <0.01 | 5.0 | <0.01 | 4.8 | <0.01 | ||||||
W-A | - | - | - | 8.2 | 0.03 | −0.9 | 0.56 | −0.4 | 0.72 | −5.2 | <0.01 | 1.5 | 0.68 | |||||
W-I | - | - | - | 12.9 | 0.02 | 5.0 | 0.10 | 5.3 | <0.01 | 5.9 | 0.10 | 3.2 | 0.60 | |||||
Amazonas—Mathematics | ||||||||||||||||||
All | - | - | <0.01 | |||||||||||||||
W-B | - | - | - | −2.0 | 0.67 | 1.3 | 0.68 | −0.7 | 0.69 | −4.4 | 0.27 | 3.3 | 0.45 | |||||
W-P | - | - | - | 4.6 | 0.18 | −1.0 | 0.55 | 2.7 | <0.01 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.05 | |||||
W-A | - | - | - | - | - | - | −2.3 | 0.60 | −0.6 | 0.77 | −2.4 | 0.68 | - | - | - | |||
W-I | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.1 | 0.98 | 6.4 | 0.03 | 3.4 | 0.58 | - | - | - | |||
Amazonas—Writing | ||||||||||||||||||
All | - | - | <0.01 | |||||||||||||||
W-B | - | - | - | 4.6 | 0.72 | 5.5 | 0.41 | 0.3 | 0.90 | 9.4 | 0.20 | −4.0 | 0.47 | |||||
W-P | - | - | - | 2.8 | 0.73 | 3.2 | 0.34 | 4.0 | 0.01 | −0.7 | 0.77 | 4.8 | 0.09 | |||||
W-A | - | - | - | - | - | - | −13.7 | 0.30 | −5.1 | 0.13 | 3.3 | 0.69 | - | - | - | |||
W-I | - | - | - | - | - | - | −1.1 | 0.87 | 5.4 | 0.40 | 3.8 | 0.70 | - | - | - |
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Rocha, L.E.C.; Nascimento, L.d.F. Assessing Student’s Achievement Gaps between Ethnic Groups in Brazil. J. Intell. 2019, 7, 7. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jintelligence7010007
Rocha LEC, Nascimento LdF. Assessing Student’s Achievement Gaps between Ethnic Groups in Brazil. Journal of Intelligence. 2019; 7(1):7. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jintelligence7010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocha, Luis E. C., and Luana de F. Nascimento. 2019. "Assessing Student’s Achievement Gaps between Ethnic Groups in Brazil" Journal of Intelligence 7, no. 1: 7. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jintelligence7010007