Occurrence and Anastomosis Grouping of Rhizoctonia spp. Inducing Black Scurf and Greyish-White Felt-Like Mycelium on Carrot in Sweden
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Surveys, Sample Collection and Rhizoctonia Isolation
2.2. Determination of Anastomosis Groups: Phylogenetic Analysis
2.3. Morphological Characteristics
2.4. Pathogenicity Tests
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Field Survey, Sample Collection, Morphological Characteristics and Identification of Rhizoctonia Isolates
3.2. Pathogenicity Assays
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolate | Host Plant | Year of Isolation | Region | Soil Type | Symptoms | Anastomosis Group | Accession Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RhBnES-80 | Black nightshade | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999148 |
RhBnES-143 | Black nightshade | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Loam | Rust coloured stem | AG 4-HGII | MW999149 |
RhBnES-144 | Black nightshade | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Loam | Rust coloured stem | AG 4-HGII | MW999150 |
RhCaGo-34 | Carrot | 2017 | Gotland | Calcium mud | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 1-IB | MW999151 |
RhCaGo-35 | Carrot | 2017 | Gotland | Calcium mud | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 1-IB | MW999152 |
RhCaGo-36 | Carrot | 2017 | Gotland | Calcium mud | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 1-IB | MW999153 |
RhCaWS-70 | Carrot | 2018 | Western Scania | Loamy sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 1-IB | MW999154 |
RhCaES-135 | Carrot | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Loamy sand | Black scurf | AG 1-IB | MW999155 |
RhCaES-19 | Carrot | 2015 | Eastern Scania | Loamy sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999156 |
RhCaES-22 | Carrot | 2015 | Eastern Scania | Loamy sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999157 |
RhCaES-60 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999158 |
RhCaES-61 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Brown net of mycelium on leaf stems | AG 3 | MW999159 |
RhCaES-64 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999160 |
RhCaES-67 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 3 | MW999161 |
RhCaES-68 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999162 |
RhCaES-75 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999163 |
RhCaES-77 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999164 |
RhCaES-79 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999165 |
RhCaES-120 | Carrot | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Loamy sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 3 | MW999166 |
RhCaES-131 | Carrot | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999167 |
RhCaES-132 | Carrot | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 3 | MW999168 |
RhCaES-133 | Carrot | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Loam | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 3 | MW999169 |
RhCaES-134 | Carrot | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999170 |
RhCaES-136 | Carrot | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999171 |
RhCaES-137 | Carrot | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Loamy sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999172 |
RhCaES-119 | Carrot | 2019 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 4-HGII | MW999173 |
RhCaWS-21 | Carrot | 2015 | Western Scania | Loam | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 5 | MW999174 |
RhCaGo-37 | Carrot | 2017 | Gotland | Peat | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 5 | MW999175 |
RhCaES-38 | Carrot | 2017 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Black scurf | AG 5 | MW999176 |
RhCaES-62 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 5 | MW999177 |
RhCaES-63 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 5 | MW999178 |
RhCaES-65 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 5 | MW999179 |
RhCaES-69 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 5 | MW999180 |
RhCaES-71 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 5 | MW999181 |
RhCaES-78 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Loamy sand | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG 5 | MW999182 |
RhCaES-20 | Carrot | 2015 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 11 | MW999183 |
RhCaES-72 | Carrot | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 11 | MW999184 |
RhCaGo-39 | Carrot | 2017 | Gotland | Calcium mud | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG BI | MW999185 |
RhCaWS-46 | Carrot | 2017 | Western Scania | Loamy sand | Crown rot | AG-E | MW999186 |
RhCaGo-85 | Carrot | 2018 | Gotland | Calcium mud | Brown wilted stem bases/leaves | AG-E | MW999187 |
RhCaWS-50 | Carrot | 2016 | Western Scania | Loamy sand | Crown rot | AG-K | MW999188 |
RhPoCS-29 | Potato | 2017 | Dalarna | Moraine | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999189 |
RhPoWS-30 | Potato | 2017 | Western Scania | Loamy sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999190 |
RhPoVG-31 | Potato | 2017 | Väster-götland | Loamy sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999191 |
RhPoWS-32 | Potato | 2017 | Western Scania | Loamy sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999192 |
RhPoHa-48 | Potato | 2017 | Halland | Sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999193 |
RhPoHa-49 | Potato | 2017 | Halland | Sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999194 |
RhPoES-76 | Potato | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Greyish-white felt-like mycelium | AG 3 | MW999195 |
RhPoGo-81 | Potato | 2018 | Gotland | Sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999196 |
RhPoES-86 | Potato | 2018 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999197 |
RhPoGo-87 | Potato | 2018 | Gotland | Sand | Black scurf | AG 3 | MW999198 |
RhPoWS-96 | Potato | 2020 | Western Scania | Loamy sand | Stem canker | AG 3 | MW999199 |
RhPoES-97 | Potato | 2020 | Eastern Scania | Sand | Stem canker | AG 3 | MW999200 |
RhPoHa-98 | Potato | 2020 | Halland | Sand | Stem canker | AG 3 | MW999201 |
RhPoWS-116 | Potato | 2020 | Western Scania | Sand | Rust coloured stolons | AG 5 | MW999202 |
Isolate | Host Plant | Year of Isolation | Region | Identity (%) | Query Cover (%) | Reference Accession nb. [7] | Anastomosis Group | Accession Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RhSbSS-17 | Sugarbeet | 2016 | Southern Scania | 100 | 100 | AB000006 | AG 4-HGII | MW999203 |
RhOsSS-66 | Oil rapeseed | 2018. | Southern Scania | 97 | 100 | AB054850 | AG 2–1 | MW999204 |
RhCfWS-83 | Cauliflower | 2018 | Western Scania | 99 | 99 | AB054850 | AG 2–1 | MW999205 |
Trial No. | Anastomosis Group | Isolate No. | Symptom on Original Host Plant | Emerged Plants (%) 1,2 | Plant Height (cm) 2 | Disease Severity Index (0–100) 2 | Black Scurf |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Untreated | - | - | 84 n.s. | 10.8 abc | 8.8 bc | - |
AG 1-IB | RhCaGo-34 | brown wilted stem bases/leaves | 80 n.s. | 11.3 ab | 11.3 a | - | |
AG 3 | RhCaES-19 | greyish-white felt-like mycelium | 90 n.s. | 11.6 ab | 8.5 bc | observed | |
AG 3 | RhCaES-60 | greyish-white felt-like mycelium | 98 n.s. | 10.7 bc | 7.2 bc | - | |
AG 3 | RhCaES-61 | brown net of mycelium on leaf stems | 88 n.s. | 11.1 abc | 6.9 c | - | |
AG 3 | RhCaES-75 | black scurf | 93 n.s. | 11.0 abc | 8.8 bc | - | |
AG 3 | RhBnES-80 | greyish-white felt-like mycelium | 88 n.s. | 12.0 a | 9.8 ab | observed | |
AG 5 | RhCaES-62 | brown wilted stem bases/leaves | 83 n.s. | 11.0 abc | 7.6 bc | - | |
AG BI | RhCaGo-39 | brown wilted stem bases/leaves | 85 n.s. | 11.2 abc | 8.2 bc | - | |
AG-E | RhCaWS-46 | crown rot | 85 n.s. | 10.0 c | 7.6 bc | - | |
2 | Untreated | - | - | 90 ab | 14.0 ab | 7.9 c | - |
AG 3 | RhPoWS-32 | black scurf | 92 a | 13.3 b | 7.7 c | - | |
AG 2–1 | RhOsSS-66 | damping-off | 80 ab | 13.3 b | 8.6 c | - | |
AG 2–1 | RhCfWS-83 | damping-off | 75 b | 13.6 ab | 22.1 b | - | |
AG 4-HGII | RhSbSS-17 | damping-off | 0 c | 0.0 c | 100.0 a | - |
Trial No. | Anastomosis Group | Isolate No. | Symptom on Original Host Plant | Emerged Plants (%) 1,2 | Plant Height (cm) 2,3 | Disease Severity Index (0–100) 2,3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Untreated | - | - | 83 n.s. | n.d. | 0.0 c |
AG 4-HGII | BK004-1-1 | damping-off | 72 n.s. | n.d. | 96.2 a | |
AG 3 | RhCaES-19 | greyish-white felt-like mycelium | 72 n.s. | n.d. | 15.4 b | |
AG 3 | RhCaES-22 | greyish-white felt-like mycelium | 83 n.s. | n.d. | 18.3 b | |
AG 3 | RhPoWS-30 | black scurf | 67 n.s. | n.d. | 10.4 b | |
AG 3 | RhPoWS-32 | black scurf | 89 n.s. | n.d. | 9.4 b | |
AG 3 | RhPoHa-49 | black scurf | 78 n.s. | n.d | 10.7 b | |
AG 5 | RhCaES-38 | black scurf | 78 n.s. | n.d. | 14.3 b | |
2 | Untreated | - | - | 78 a | 3.0 ± 0.3 a | n.d. |
AG 4-HGII | BK004-1-1 | damping-off | 0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 d | n.d. | |
AG 3 | RhCaES-19 | greyish-white felt-like mycelium | 63 a | 2.2 ± 0.3 abc | n.d. | |
AG 3 | RhCaES-22 | greyish-white felt-like mycelium | 70 a | 1.5 ± 0.2 c | n.d. | |
AG 3 | RhPoWS-30 | black scurf | 68 a | 2.3 ± 0.3 abc | n.d. | |
AG 3 | RhPoWS-32 | black scurf | 70 a | 1.9 ± 0.2 bc | n.d. | |
AG 3 | RhPoHa-49 | black scurf | 65 a | 2.0 ± 0.3 bc | n.d | |
AG 5 | RhCaES-38 | black scurf | 73 a | 2.4 ± 0.3 ab | n.d. |
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Marcou, S.; Wikström, M.; Ragnarsson, S.; Persson, L.; Höfte, M. Occurrence and Anastomosis Grouping of Rhizoctonia spp. Inducing Black Scurf and Greyish-White Felt-Like Mycelium on Carrot in Sweden. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 396. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jof7050396
Marcou S, Wikström M, Ragnarsson S, Persson L, Höfte M. Occurrence and Anastomosis Grouping of Rhizoctonia spp. Inducing Black Scurf and Greyish-White Felt-Like Mycelium on Carrot in Sweden. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(5):396. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jof7050396
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcou, Shirley, Mariann Wikström, Sara Ragnarsson, Lars Persson, and Monica Höfte. 2021. "Occurrence and Anastomosis Grouping of Rhizoctonia spp. Inducing Black Scurf and Greyish-White Felt-Like Mycelium on Carrot in Sweden" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5: 396. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jof7050396