Ecological Study of Fractures in Paediatric Melanesian Communities with Varying Endemic Environmental Fluoride Exposure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Clinical Assessment
4. Fluoride Measurement
5. Statistical Methods
6. Results
6.1. Fracture Rates in Areas of Low, Medium and High Endemic Fluorosis
6.2. Location of Fracture
7. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aneityum (Low Fluoride) N = 192 | Lamap (Medium Fluoride) N = 524 | AMBRYM (High Fluoride) N = 225 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys N = 118 | Girls N = 74 | Boys N = 255 | Girls N = 269 | Boys N = 110 | Girls N = 115 | |
Age (SD) years | 8.61 (SD 1.44) | 7.77 (1.15) | 10.3 (3.13) | 10.6 (3.73) | 9.53 (3.03) | 10.15 (3.32) |
Reported fracture rates (n, %, any site) | 6 4.6% | 4 5.4% | 38 14.9% | 42 15.6% | 5 4.5% | 3 2.6% |
Boys | Girls | |
---|---|---|
Skull | 1 (2%) | 1 (2.0%) |
UPPER LIMB (n = 57) | ||
Humerus | 1 (2%) | 4 (8.2%) |
Forearm | 18 (36.7%) | 15 (30.6%) |
Wrist | 6 (12.2%) | 6 (12.2%) |
Hand | 1 (2%) | 6 (12.2%) |
LOWER LIMB (n = 18) | ||
Pelvis | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) |
Patella | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
Lower leg | 5 (10.2%) | 3 (6.1%) |
Ankle | 3 (6.1%) | 4 (8.2%) |
Unspecified | 12 (24.5%) | 9 (18.4%) |
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Elizabeth, W.; Elmansouri, A.; Ross, R.; Clynes, M.; Tangis, J.; Stewart, C.; Dennison, E.M. Ecological Study of Fractures in Paediatric Melanesian Communities with Varying Endemic Environmental Fluoride Exposure. Osteology 2021, 1, 132-140. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/osteology1030014
Elizabeth W, Elmansouri A, Ross R, Clynes M, Tangis J, Stewart C, Dennison EM. Ecological Study of Fractures in Paediatric Melanesian Communities with Varying Endemic Environmental Fluoride Exposure. Osteology. 2021; 1(3):132-140. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/osteology1030014
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth, Webb, Ahmad Elmansouri, Rebecca Ross, Michael Clynes, Jenny Tangis, Carol Stewart, and Elaine M. Dennison. 2021. "Ecological Study of Fractures in Paediatric Melanesian Communities with Varying Endemic Environmental Fluoride Exposure" Osteology 1, no. 3: 132-140. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/osteology1030014