Interannual and Seasonal Vegetation Changes and Influencing Factors in the Extra-High Mountainous Areas of Southern Tibet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.2.1. Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI
2.2.2. Meteorological Data
2.2.3. Geographic Data
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD)
2.3.2. Breaks for Additive Season and Trend (BFAST)
2.3.3. Random Forest Regression
2.3.4. Simple Linear Regression
2.3.5. Partial Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Interannual Trends of NDVI and Climate Factors
3.2. Environment Influences on Interannual NDVI Trend
3.3. Relationships between Climate Variables and NDVI for Different Seasons
3.3.1. Time-Lag Effects of Vegetation Responses to Climatic Factors at a Seasonal Scale
3.3.2. Responses of Seasonal NDVI to Climatic Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. NDVI Trends and Breakpoint
4.2. The Relationships between Interannual NDVI Trends and Environment Factors
4.3. Analysis of Time-Lag Effect for Different Climatic Factors
4.4. Partial Correlations between Seasonal NDVI and Climatic Factors
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- From 1982 to 2015, the overall NDVI of the HEM region exhibited a weak upward trend. In detail, the NDVI showed a significant and rapid upward trend before 1989 and a downward trend after 1989. At the pixel scale, many greening pixels were concentrated in Gongbujiangda county and the surrounding areas, because of the rising temperature, plenty of precipitation, and the local forest protection strategy.
- (2)
- Among nine environmental factors, the interannual temperature trend and the closest distance to large lakes are the most important factors affecting the NDVI trends in the HEM region. The increasing temperature leads to an increase in the NDVI trend, possibly because rising temperature accelerates the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in vegetation. Within 20 km, the shortest distance to large lakes is positively correlated with the NDVI trend. Glacial lakes in the HEM region show a cooling effect on the temperature of its nearby area, which may limit the vegetation growth to some extent. This correlation is negative when exceeding twenty kilometers because air humidity decreases with an increase in the distance to large lakes, which is not conducive to vegetation growth in the semi-arid region.
- (3)
- In the HEM region, the time lags of NDVI responses to precipitation and downward long-wave radiation are short, and those to temperature and short-wave radiation are long. Seasonally, the time lags of NDVI to climate factors in autumn are shorter than that in summer.
- (4)
- Autumn NDVI was negatively correlated with temperature in the central HEM region, possibly because of increasing temperature-induced moisture stress. A negative correlation between temperature and NDVI in the growing season was found in Lhasa and the surrounding areas, probably because of the urban heat island effect and intense human activities. Among four climatic factors, downward long-wave radiation was the main climate factor that influenced NDVI changes in Autumn and the growing season, possibly because of its warming effect at night.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Description |
---|---|
Interannual temperature trend | Firstly, the interannual variation component of temperature was extracted by the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) algorithm. Subsequently, the linear regression was applied for the interannual variation component to obtain the interannual trend of temperature (℃·year−1). Each pixel has one interannual trend. |
Interannual precipitation trend | The interannual precipitation trend (mm·year−1) was obtained by the same method as above. |
Interannual downward long-wave radiation trend | The interannual downward long-wave radiation trend (W·m-2·year−1) was obtained by the same method as above. |
Interannual downward short-wave radiation trend | The interannual downward short-wave radiation trend (W·m-2·year−1) was obtained by the same method as above. |
Elevation | The digital elevation model (DEM) with a spatial resolution of 0.05° |
Slope | Slope (°) was calculated from DEM through the surface analysis function of the ArcGIS software |
Distance to rivers | Euclidean distance (m) to the nearest rivers > 100 m |
Distance to large lakes | Euclidean distance (m) to the nearest lakes > 1000 m2 |
Catchment | China’s third-level catchment boundary was used in this study. The HEM region was divided into seven sub-regions, namely the Chang Tang Grassland Inland River catchment, the upstream catchment of the Yarlung Zangbo River, the midstream catchment of Yarlung Zangbo River, the downstream catchment of Yarlung Zangbo River, the Zangxi Inland River catchment, and the Zangnan Inland River catchment. |
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Ye, Z.-X.; Cheng, W.-M.; Zhao, Z.-Q.; Guo, J.-Y.; Ding, H.; Wang, N. Interannual and Seasonal Vegetation Changes and Influencing Factors in the Extra-High Mountainous Areas of Southern Tibet. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 1392. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11111392
Ye Z-X, Cheng W-M, Zhao Z-Q, Guo J-Y, Ding H, Wang N. Interannual and Seasonal Vegetation Changes and Influencing Factors in the Extra-High Mountainous Areas of Southern Tibet. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(11):1392. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11111392
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe, Zu-Xin, Wei-Ming Cheng, Zhi-Qi Zhao, Jian-Yang Guo, Hu Ding, and Nan Wang. 2019. "Interannual and Seasonal Vegetation Changes and Influencing Factors in the Extra-High Mountainous Areas of Southern Tibet" Remote Sensing 11, no. 11: 1392. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11111392