Social Farming in the Virtuous System of the Circular Economy. An Exploratory Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Theoretical Framework
- Hypothesis 1 (H1).Companies that carry out social agriculture in Calabria carry out eco-systemic services.
- Hypothesis 2 (H2).Does social farming provide circular economy services? Yes.
- H2a.In terms of good reuse practices, environmental education and food education laboratories, laboratories for fighting waste and recycling, reuse of waste products “from waste to resource”.
- H2b.In terms of good cultural practices: cultivation techniques such as rotation, absence of monocultures, organic production.
- Hypothesis 3 (H3).Social agriculture represents a form of resilience of Calabrian agricultural businesses (responses to new lifestyles, attention to green, use of confiscated land, and legal growth paths). They involve families, schools, institutions.
- Hypothesis 4 (H4).Social farming represents a connection between agricultural systems and urban systems.
- Hypothesis 5 (H5).Social farming provides educational and social inclusion community services.
- Hypothesis 6 (H6).Social farming provides community services of a therapeutic rehabilitation type (alternative/integration to families in support of disability).
- Hypothesis 7 (H7).Social farming provides support services to improve the quality of life and free time (well-being) for local and non-local subjects.
- Hypothesis 8 (H8).Social farming provides cultural and educational community services.
- Hypothesis 9 (H9).Social farming provides fresh and processed food production services.
- Hypothesis 10 (H10).Social farming adheres to SPG (Solidarity Purchase Groups) and Social Networks and unites and connects people, companies, and institutions.
2. Study Area
2.1. Description of the Socio-Economic Context
2.2. Social Farming in Calabria and the Reference Universe
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Social Network Analysis (SNA)
3.2. Factor Analysis (FA) and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA)
- on the one hand, the factors capable of explaining any differences that arise in the choice of different business behaviors and the ways in which technical-managerial skills and paths are developed
- on the other hand, identify the profile of the Social Farms on the basis of the choices made in the application/implementation of the multifunctionality directed at ecosystem services of social agriculture
3.3. Data Collection
- Social Work inclusion: aimed at people with disabilities and/or social disadvantages (handicapped, former alcoholics and/or former drug addicts, former prisoners, immigrants, long-term unemployed, women in difficulty, minors with various kinds of problems in working age, etc.) included in rehabilitation and social support projects (internships, work grants, training courses, care of public parks, social gardens, etc.). Social and work placement carried out on land confiscated from the organized crime (’ndrangheta).
- Green Care: benefits and services that flank and support medical, psychological, and rehabilitative therapies aimed at improving health conditions in mental health and wellbeing and social, emotional, and cognitive functions of people with physical and/or mental handicaps through therapeutic and rehabilitative paths with the landscape, crops, plants, and animals (pet Therapy, ortho-florotherapy, Forest therapy, etc.).
- Educational Activities: they promote services useful for daily life, welfare activities, and social support activities (day centers, recreational centers for the elderly, agri-nursery/agri-kindergarten). The didactic-educational activity is aimed at environmental and food education; safeguarding biodiversity; the dissemination of knowledge of the territory. Moreover workshops for education on legality and the common good; circular economy and food waste reduction workshops; workshops for the recovery of local crafts; cultural and recreational activities to help citizens rediscover peasant values and traditions; commitment and training camps, volunteering on land confiscated from organized crime (’ndrangheta). Last, but not least, schoolwork alternation, educational courses for children and/or teenagers in primary and secondary schools, cultural and recreational activities for adults, etc.
- Rural well-being: leisure services (e.g., agritourism, rural tourism, social tourism, agri-camping, hiking, nature trails, Yoga, wellness kits, guided tours, horseback riding, forest bathing, etc.);
- Agrifood and Marketing Innovation: production of raw materials or processed agricultural products; business; branding activities; promotion on social networks; e-commerce; catering;
- Community Network Collaboration to Local Action Groups, Alternative Food Networks, Purchasing Group, stakeholder network: adhesion to SGP and Network. Collaborations with public entities.
- -
- The starting year of the social agriculture activity
- -
- General and structural characteristics of businesses (type of business, crop orientation, salaried employment and family employment, corporate income on total income, etc.)
- -
- The reason for introducing new activities (activities suited to professionalism, new opportunities, and business innovation
- -
- Propensity for diversification
- -
- Propensity to introduce innovation (recent/consolidated introductions)
- -
- Degree of satisfaction with their work.
- -
- acquisition of technical skills in terms of training (possible attendance of courses and/or if you believe you need training courses)
- -
- economic support and contributions obtained
- -
- problem and conditioning (theft; threats, extortion; imposition of furniture and/or personnel; usury) and related behaviors (fear, denunciation, trust in institutions).
3.4. Approach Method
4. Results
4.1. The Social Network Analysis
4.2. Factorial Analysis and MCA
- -
- in the circle (positive dial for both dimensions) there are the companies that show to a greater extent a “social proper” profile (employment inclusion of fragile sections of the population, therapeutic services, and use of land confiscated from the ’ndrangheta). The inclusion of social activities pushes them towards a good degree of both diversification and innovation (identified by dimension two);
- -
- in the triangle (positive dial for dimension 2 and negative dial for the other) we identify the profile of companies that look in particular at “well-being and quality of life” (agritourism and excursions);
- -
- in the rectangle one finds the most common activities around the horizontal axis of the positive semi-axis with an “educational and social” profile and which have introduced interesting levels of marketing, product and/or process innovations, sales networks into the activities undertaken (online sales, SPG, Campagna Amica markets, etc.);
- -
- in the negative dial for both dimensions, there are companies that, while diversifying and joining the SF, have shown a “lukewarm” attitude and profile for almost all variables in the application of the various activities relating to Social Farming.
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SF | Social Farming |
CSA | Community supported agriculture |
AFN | Alternative Food Networks |
SPG | Solidarity purchasing group |
SNA | Social Network Analysis |
FA | Factor Analysis |
MCA | Multiple Correspondence Analysis |
NBS | Nature-based solutions |
Appendix A
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Province | Reggio Calabria | 75.0% |
Vibo Valentia | 6.3% | |
Catanzaro | 15.6% | |
Crotone | 3.1% | |
Type of company | Individual business | 54.10% |
Social cooperatives | 33.30% | |
Agricultural cooperatives | 29.20% | |
Associations | 12.50% | |
Consortia of cooperatives | 4% | |
Size | >di 100 ha | 12.50% |
50–100 ha | 9.40% | |
20–49 ha | 21.90% | |
<20 ha | 56.30% | |
Starting year of activity | 1990–1999 | 16.00% |
2000–2015 | 84.00% |
1. Social Work Inclusion: |
Volunteer foster homes |
Inclusion of migrants/disadvantaged |
Inclusion of prisoners/former prisoners |
Inclusion of people with disabilities/with addictions |
Social worker inclusion in lands confiscated from the ’ndrangheta |
Free social gardens and social gardens for rent |
Other types of socio-working placement |
2. Green Care: |
Pet therapy |
Therapeutic gardens |
Others (aromatherapy, phytotherapy, forest therapy, chromotherapy, etc.) |
3. Educational Activities |
Welcoming families, schools, the elderly, groups (religious, sports, etc.) |
Reception and volunteering for agricultural/agri-food activities |
Educational lab on food education and the fight against waste |
Educational lab on ethics and legal issues |
Plants and sustainability educational lab |
Local handicraft recovery lab |
Other |
4. Rural Well-Being |
Agritourism with accommodation |
Agritourism, hospitality and catering |
Agricamping |
Excursions, nature trails |
Ethical-social tourism |
Yoga, wellness kits, guided tours, horseback riding, forest bathing |
Other |
5. Agrifood and Marketing Innovation |
Organic production |
PDO—PGI quality marks |
Ethical Trade Brands (Libera, SlowFood, fair trade, etc.) |
Product and/or process certifications (ISO, etc.) |
Reduced and easily differentiated packaging |
Corporate social responsibility and ethics |
Environmental sustainability certification, energy-saving certification |
Innovations in agri-food production services |
Innovations in agri-food marketing (e) |
Short supply chain |
E-commerce |
Other |
6. Community Network |
Collaboration with Local Action Groups, Purchasing Groups, CSA, AFN |
Collaboration—Agreements with universities and research centers |
Collaboration with other companies in the territory |
Collaboration with social and health services |
Membership of Cooperatives, Non-Profit Associations, Associations |
Other |
Variable | Relations with Research Hypotheses | Variable Name for MCA |
---|---|---|
Social Work inclusion | H1: Eco-systemic services H4: SF represents a connection between agricultural systems and urban systems H5: Community services of educational and social inclusion type | + Social Work inclusion; − Social Work inclusion |
Green Care | H6: Social farming provides community services of a therapeutic rehabilitation type | + Green Care − Green Care |
Educational Activities | H1: Eco-systemic services H8: Cultural and educational community services; welfare services H2: Educational labs and services of good practices of reuse and circular economy | + Educational Activities − Educational Activities |
Rural well-being | H1: Eco-systemic services H7: Social farming provides support services to the quality of life and free time | + Rural well-being − Rural well-being |
Agrifood and Marketing Innovation | H9: Social farming provides fresh and processed food production services H10: Social farming adheres to SPG (Solidarity Purchase Groups); AFN, etc H2: Good cultivation practices, organic production | + Marketing Innovation − Marketing Innovation |
Community Network | H10: Social Networks and unite and connect people, companies, institutions H3: SF represents a form of resilience of Calabrian agricultural enterprises | + Community Network − Community Network |
Use of confiscated land | H1: Eco-systemic services H3: SF represents a form of resilience of Calabrian agricultural enterprises H4: SF represents a connection between agricultural systems and urban systems H5: Community services of educational and social inclusion type | + Use of confiscated land − Use of confiscated land |
Social Gardens | H5: Community services of educational and social inclusion type H4: SF represent a connection between agricultural systems and urban systems H9: Social farming provides fresh and processed food production services | + Social Gardens − Social Gardens |
Workshop Food Waste | H1: Eco-systemic services H8: Cultural and educational community services; welfare services | + Workshop Food Waste − Workshop Food Waste |
Sustainable Tourism | H7: Social farming provides support services to the quality of life and free time H4: SF represent a connection between agricultural systems and urban systems H3: SF represents a form of resilience of Calabrian agricultural enterprises | + Sustainable Tourism − Sustainable Tourism |
Social Work Inclusion | Educational Activities | Green Care | Rural Well-Being | Agrifood and Marketing Innovation | Community Network | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n. | % | n. | % | n. | % | n. | % | n. | % | n. | % | |
5. | 6 | 19 | 20 | 63 | 6 | 19 | 4 | 13 | 15 | 47 | 9 | 28 |
4. | 4 | 13 | 6 | 19 | 5 | 16 | 9 | 28 | 8 | 25 | 6 | 19 |
3. | 13 | 41 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 19 | 7 | 22 | 10 | 31 |
2. | 3 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 19 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 22 |
1. | 6 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 65 | 7 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 32 | 100 | 32 | 100 | 32 | 100 | 32 | 100 | 32 | 100 | 32 | 100 |
Companies | Nrm Out Degree % | Nrm In Degree % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Share of Relations out of the Total | Difference from the Overall Average | Share of Relations out of the Total | Difference from the Overall Average | |
1 SF | 41.9 | −1.8 | 80.6 | 36.9 |
2 SF | 32.3 | −11.5 | 12.9 | −30.8 |
3 SF | 32.3 | −11.5 | 12.9 | −30.8 |
4 SC | 48.4 | 4.6 | 35.5 | −8.3 |
5 CC | 25.8 | −17.9 | 100.0 | 56.3 |
6 SC | 67.7 | 24.0 | 51.6 | 7.9 |
7 SF | 58.1 | 14.3 | 29.0 | −14.7 |
8 SF | 29.0 | −14.7 | 83.9 | 40.1 |
9 SF | 12.9 | −30.8 | 3.2 | −40.5 |
10 SC | 29.0 | −14.7 | 9.7 | −34.1 |
11 SC | 29.0 | −14.7 | 9.7 | −34.1 |
12 Ass | 12.9 | −30.8 | 3.2 | −40.5 |
13 AC | 38.7 | −5.0 | 74.2 | 30.4 |
14 SC | 25.8 | −17.9 | 100.0 | 56.3 |
15 SF | 22.6 | −21.2 | 6.5 | −37.3 |
16 Ass | 22.6 | −21.2 | 6.5 | −37.3 |
17 SF | 32.3 | −11.5 | 12.9 | −30.8 |
18 AC | 71.0 | 27.2 | 61.3 | 17.5 |
19 SC | 58.1 | 14.3 | 29.0 | −14.7 |
20 SC | 48.4 | 4.6 | 83.9 | 40.1 |
21 SC | 48.4 | 4.6 | 87.1 | 43.3 |
22 SF | 58.1 | 14.3 | 29.0 | −14.7 |
23 SF | 71.0 | 27.2 | 61.3 | 17.5 |
24 AC | 48.4 | 4.6 | 35.5 | −8.3 |
25 SC | 71.0 | 27.2 | 61.3 | 17.5 |
26 SF | 58.1 | 14.3 | 29.0 | −14.7 |
27 SF | 58.1 | 14.3 | 29.0 | −14.7 |
28 SF | 67.7 | 24.0 | 51.6 | 7.9 |
29 SC | 41.9 | −1.8 | 74.2 | 30.4 |
30 SC | 48.4 | 4.6 | 83.9 | 40.1 |
31 AC | 38.7 | −5.0 | 19.4 | −24.4 |
32 Ass | 51.6 | 7.9 | 32.3 | −11.5 |
Descriptive statistics | Nrm Out Degree | Nrm In Degree | ||
Mean | 43.750 | 43.750 | ||
Std Dev | 16.877 | 30.867 | ||
Network Centralization (Out degree) = 28.096% | ||||
Network Centralization (In degree) = 58.065% |
Component | Initial Eigenvalues | Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings | Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | |
1 | 2.539 | 36.276 | 36.276 | 2.539 | 36.276 | 36.276 | 2.533 | 36.190 | 36.190 |
2 | 1.550 | 22.136 | 58.412 | 1.550 | 22.136 | 58.412 | 1.554 | 22.200 | 58.390 |
3 | 1.158 | 16.540 | 74.952 | 1.158 | 16.540 | 74.952 | 1.159 | 16.562 | 74.952 |
4 | 0.581 | 8.297 | 83.249 | ||||||
5 | 0.478 | 6.829 | 90.078 | ||||||
6 | 0.408 | 5.826 | 95.904 | ||||||
7 | 0.287 | 4.096 | 100.000 |
Component | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
Social Work Inclusion | 0.054 | 0.846 | −0.015 |
Green Care | −0.037 | 0.821 | 0.060 |
Educational Activities | −0.782 | −0.215 | −0.121 |
Rural Well-being | −0.182 | −0.116 | −0.911 |
Marketing Innovation | −0.618 | −0.240 | −0.554 |
Community Network | −0.876 | −0.085 | −0.021 |
Type of company | −0.857 | −0.201 | −0.055 |
Dimension | Cronbach’s Alpha | Variance Accounted For | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (Eigenvalue) | Inertia | % of Variance | ||
1 | 0.691 | 2.643 | 0.264 | 26.430 |
2 | 0.484 | 1.773 | 0.177 | 17.728 |
Total | 4.416 | 0.442 | ||
Mean | 0.608 a | 2.208 | 0.221 | 22.079 |
Discrimination Measures | |||
---|---|---|---|
Dimension | Mean | ||
1 | 2 | ||
Rural Well-being | 0.274 | 0.283 | 0.279 |
Community Network | 0.530 | 0.001 | 0.265 |
Sustainable Tourism | 0.139 | 0.200 | 0.169 |
Social Work Inclusion | 0.034 | 0.632 | 0.333 |
Workshop Food Waste | 0.432 | 0.078 | 0.255 |
Educational Activities | 0.520 | 0.000 | 0.260 |
Social Gardens | 0.267 | 0.161 | 0.214 |
Green Care | 0.000 | 0.220 | 0.110 |
Use of confiscated land | 0.343 | 0.195 | 0.269 |
Marketing Innovation | 0.104 | 0.001 | 0.053 |
Active Total | 2.643 | 1.773 | 2.208 |
% of Variance | 26.430 | 17.728 | 22.079 |
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Nicolosi, A.; Laganà, V.R.; Di Gregorio, D.; Privitera, D. Social Farming in the Virtuous System of the Circular Economy. An Exploratory Research. Sustainability 2021, 13, 989. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13020989
Nicolosi A, Laganà VR, Di Gregorio D, Privitera D. Social Farming in the Virtuous System of the Circular Economy. An Exploratory Research. Sustainability. 2021; 13(2):989. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13020989
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolosi, Agata, Valentina Rosa Laganà, Donatella Di Gregorio, and Donatella Privitera. 2021. "Social Farming in the Virtuous System of the Circular Economy. An Exploratory Research" Sustainability 13, no. 2: 989. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13020989