Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Blood and Milk Samples from Jennies and Their Foals after Delivery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Animals
2.2. OTA Contamination in Feed
2.3. OTA Occurrence in Blood Samples Collected from the Jennies.
2.4. OTA Contamination in Blood Samples from Foals
2.5. OTA Contamination in Milk Samples
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Animals and Clinical Data
4.3. Feed, Blood, and Milk Sampling
4.4. OTA Extraction and Purification
4.4.1. Feed Samples
4.4.2. Serum Samples
4.4.3. Milk Samples
4.5. HPLC Analysis: OTA Standard Solutions and Recovery Experiments
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feed Samples | Number of Feed Samples with OTA Concentration | ||
---|---|---|---|
Contamination ranges (ng/g) | <0.3 a | From 0.3 to 1 | From 1 to 3 |
Number of samples | 36 | 14 | 3 |
Incidence of contamination | 68% | 26% | 6% |
Range of OTA level (ng/g) | - b | 0.3–0.7 | 1.4–2.7 |
Jenny Name and Relevant Foal | [OTA] (ng/L) before Delivery | [OTA] (ng/L) at Delivery |
---|---|---|
Adelaide | <LOD a (March) | 52 (April) |
Foal | - b | <LOD |
Francisca | 112 (March) | 97 (April) |
Foal | - b | <LOD |
Gaia | 93 (June) | 109 (June) |
Foal | - b | <LOD |
Etiopia | 125 (April) | 139 (May) |
Foal | - b | <LOD |
Antiqua | 78 (March) | <LOD (April) |
Foal | - b | < LOD |
Falaria | <LOD (May) | 2215 (May) |
Foal | - b | <LOD |
Eritrea | 65 (July) | 79 (July) |
Foal | - b | <LOD |
Jenny Name | Jennies’ Blood Samples | Milk Samples | Foals’ Blood Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jennies | Positive/Total Samples | Median | Positive/Total Samples | Median | Positive/Total Samples | Median |
(%) | (Range, ng/L) | (%) | (Range, ng/L) | (%) | (Range, ng/L) | |
Adelaide | 4/6 | 53.5 | 2/5 | <LOD b | 3/5 | 109 |
(67%) | (<LOD a–1796) | (40%) | (<LOD b–43) | (60%) | (<LOD a–4034) | |
Francisca | 4/5 | 1489 | 3/5 | 21 | 4/5 | 144 |
(80%) | (<LOD a–6000) | (60%) | (<LOD b–82) | (80%) | (<LOD a–594) | |
Gaia | 2/5 | <LOD a | 0/5 | <LOD b | 0/5 | <LOD a |
(40%) | (<LOD a–109) | (0%) | (- c) | (0%) | (<LOD a) | |
Etiopia | 5/5 | 181 | 2/5 | <LOD b | 4/5 | 84 |
(100%) | (118–1620) | (40%) | (<LOD b–30) | (80%) | (<LOD a–108) | |
Antiqua | 3/4 | 119.5 | 2/4 | 12.25 | 3/5 | 87 |
(75%) | (<LOD a–1467) | (50 %) | (<LOD b–55) | (60%) | (<LOD a–306) | |
Falaria | 2/4 | 67.5 | 1/4 | <LOD b | 0/4 | <LOD a |
(50%) | (<LOD a–2215) | (25%) | (<LOD b–41) | (0%) | (<LOD a) | |
Eritrea | 5/5 | 109 | 2/5 | <LOD b | 3/5 | 123 |
(100%) | (57–138) | (40%) | (<LOD b–30) | (60%) | (<LOD a–367) |
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Lippolis, V.; Asif, S.; Pascale, M.; Cervellieri, S.; Mancini, E.; Peli, A.; De Amicis, I.; Robbe, D.; Minervini, F. Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Blood and Milk Samples from Jennies and Their Foals after Delivery. Toxins 2020, 12, 758. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins12120758
Lippolis V, Asif S, Pascale M, Cervellieri S, Mancini E, Peli A, De Amicis I, Robbe D, Minervini F. Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Blood and Milk Samples from Jennies and Their Foals after Delivery. Toxins. 2020; 12(12):758. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins12120758
Chicago/Turabian StyleLippolis, Vincenzo, Shafaq Asif, Michelangelo Pascale, Salvatore Cervellieri, Erminia Mancini, Angelo Peli, Ippolito De Amicis, Domenico Robbe, and Fiorenza Minervini. 2020. "Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Blood and Milk Samples from Jennies and Their Foals after Delivery" Toxins 12, no. 12: 758. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins12120758