New benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives as potential antitumour agents
- Authors:
- Published online on: September 2, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12047
- Article Number: 136
Abstract
Introduction
In 2018, >1.7 million cancer deaths worldwide were caused by lung cancer that remains the most common cancer (11.6% of all cancers) and the main cause of cancer-related deaths (1). In USA in 2018, the number of lung cancer-related deaths exceeded the combined number of deaths caused by the most common cancers (breast, colon and prostate) (2). Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality for both men and women (2). The majority of neoplasms developing in the lungs are pathologically categorized as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and further divided into the following subtypes: Adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Epidemiological data have demonstrated that ~20% of NSCLC cases are diagnosed as SCC (1). It has been demonstrated that SCC is associated with chronic tobacco exposure (3).
Despite the advances in cancer treatment, liver and kidney tumours are also associated with high fatality rates (4–6). Liver cancer remains the sixth most diagnosed cancer globally and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide (7). Liver cancer is more common among men compared with women, worldwide (4). The most important risk factors for developing liver cancer are hepatitis B and C infections, liver cirrhosis resulting from viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (4,8). Recently, the age-standardized incidence rate of primary liver cancer cases increased in men with age at diagnosis ≥60 years, from 241,189 in 1990 to 578,334 in 2017, globally (8). Therefore, more preventive measures should be taken to prevent NAFLD from being the most important risk factor of liver cancer in elderly patients (9). However, in children, during the first years of life, liver neoplasms of an embryonal origin have been diagnosed (5). Treatment of advanced stages of liver cancer remains a large problem. Among a number of drugs that are currently under development, a multikinase inhibitor appears to be the most beneficial (4).
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for 90% of kidney cancer cases, is the most lethal among urological tumours (6), which is associated with the fact that 20–30% cases of RCC are diagnosed at a metastatic stage (9). The treatment of metastatic RCC remains a challenge, and the neoplasm at this stage is practically incurable (10).
Considering the dismal prognosis of patients diagnosed with metastatic RCC, advanced SCC or liver cancer, developing novel drug candidate molecules is important to improve the outcomes in these diseases. Thus, the present study focused on new benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives. Benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives have been reported to exert various biological activities, including antitumour (11,12), antimicrobial (11–17), anti-inflammatory (12,18) and analgesic activity (18). Benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives such as benzenesulphonohydrazones are similar in structure to hydrazide-hydrazones (19), which are of interest to medicinal chemists due to their antimicrobial (20–23) and antitumour (24) activities. Biological activity is associated with lipophilicity, a physicochemical property of compounds that describes the balance between hydrophobicity and polarity (25). According to the IUPAC definition, lipophilicity is the affinity of a compound or moiety for a lipophilic environment (25), and it contributes to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties of a drug (26). According to Lipinski et al (27), the limit of log P<5 is a desirable lipophilicity range for potential drug candidates. However, previous studies have suggested that the range of log P between 1 and 3 is optimal to ensure the desired physiochemical properties of the molecule (28,29). Various methods may be used for either measuring or estimating lipophilicity, including traditional shake-flask method, various chromatographic methods, as well as, various computational methods. Some properties of the molecules can be characterized by the chromatographic retention data derived from their distribution between the stationary and mobile phases. In particular, reversed phase liquid chromatography (high performance liquid chromatography or thin layer chromatography) is frequently used for characterizing the lipophilic nature of different substances (30,31).
The present study aimed to design, synthesize and analyse new benzenesulphonohydrazones to identify potential novel antitumour agents for RCC, SCC and liver cancer.
Materials and methods
Chemistry
The reagents and solvents used in the present study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA and were used without further purification. The melting points were determined using the Fisher-Johns blocks melting point apparatus (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and left uncorrected. Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), ν in cm−1. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 300 apparatus (Bruker Corporation) in DMSO-d6, with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. Chemical shifts were reported in ppm (δ), with TMS as the standard reference, whereas coupling constants (J) were reported in Hz. Mass spectra were recorded using a microTOF II spectrometer (Bruker Corporation) in m/z. The progress of the reaction and the purity of the obtained compounds were monitored by thin layer chromatography using pre-coated with silica gel aluminium sheet 60 F254 plates (Merck KGaA) in CHCl3/C2H5OH (10:1, v/v) as the solvent system. Spots were detected by exposure to UV light at 254 nm. Elemental analysis of the obtained compounds was performed with the AMZ 851 CHX analyser (Gdansk University of Technology).
Synthesis of benzenesulphonohydrazones
4-Methylbenzenesulphonohydrazide (0.01 mol) was dissolved in 10 ml 96% ethanol, and an appropriate substituted aromatic aldehyde (0.011 mol) was added. The mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h. Then, the solution was allowed to cool down. Subsequently, the formed precipitate was filtered off under low pressure and recrystallized from ethanol. Detailed physico-chemical information of the synthesized benzenesulphonohydrazones 1–9 is presented in Supplementary Materials and methods (Data S1).
Lipophilicity
The experimental lipophilicity of the synthesized benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives 1–9 (Table I) was determined using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography on RP-18 silica gel plates from Merck (Merck KGaA) (Tables SI and SII). Determination of the lipophilicity parameters was performed as previously described (23,24,30,31) and presented in the Supplementary Materials and methods (Data S1). Additionally, the calculated lipophilicity of the compounds 1–9 was obtained using ALOGPS 2.1 software (32,33) and is presented in Table SIII.
 | Table I.Log PEXP values of the synthesized compounds calculated by the standardization method in different solvents. |
Cell lines and culture conditions
The present study used tumour cell cultures supplied by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), including 769-P (human renal cell adenocarcinoma; ATCC® CRL-1933™), HepG2 (human liver cancer; ATCC® HB-8065™), NCI-H2170 (H2170; human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung; ATCC® CRL-5928™), as well as Vero cells (monkey kidney; ATCC® CCL-81™), which was used as a normal reference cell line in similar biological activity-focused studies (34–36). The HepG2 and Vero cell lines were cultured in Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM; ATCC), whereas 769-P and H2170 cells were cultured in rich-component RPMI-1640 medium (containing L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate, glucose, HEPES and sodium dicarbonate). For all cells, the media were supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin and 2.5 µg/ml amphotericin B. RPMI-1640, FBS, antibiotics and trypsin solution (trypsin 0.25%/EDTA 0.02% in PBS w/o Ca, Mg with phenol-red) were supplied by PAN-Biotech GmbH. The cells were cultured in 75-cm2 tissue culture flasks (EasYFlasks™ Nunclon™ Δ; Nalge Nunc International; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) as a monolayer in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37°C in a cell incubator. Cell suspensions were prepared at a density of 1×105 cells/ml and transferred to 96-well cell culture plates (Wuxi NEST Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). The plates were incubated for 24 h in order to achieve cell adhesion. The following chemicals were also used: MTT (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), DMSO (Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A.) and PBS (Biomed Lublin S.A.).
Cell proliferation inhibition assay
The inhibitory effects of compounds 1–9 on cell proliferation were assessed by MTT assay [DB-ALM Protocol no. 17: MTT Assay; European Union Reference Laboratory, European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (EURL ECVAM), Database Service on Alternative Methods to Animal Experimentation (DB-ALM); http://cidportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/EURL-ECVAM/datasets/DBALM/LATEST/online/DBALM_docs/17_P_MTT%20Assay.pdf]. Cell viability was determined by a mitochondria-dependent reaction (reduction in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity) based on the measurement of formazan production from the MTT salt and was expressed as the percentage of viable control cells. The compounds were dissolved in DMSO and subsequently diluted to the required concentration with the respective cell culture medium. The solutions were prepared ex tempore. The cells at a density of 1×105 cells/ml in 96-well plates were exposed to various concentrations of the tested compounds for 24 h at 37°C. Following incubation, 10 µl MTT solution (5 mg/ml) was added to each well of a microplate and incubated for 3 h at 37°C. Subsequently, the culture medium was removed carefully from each well, and 100 µl DMSO was added. The absorbance of each well was measured at 550 nm using an ELx808IU automated absorbance microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc.). Based on the MTT assay results, the IC50 values for the tested compounds were derived from the concentration-response curves (Table SIV). All parameters were evaluated in the presence of the solvent of benzenesulphonohydrazones 1–9, and there were no significant differences between the control cells and the solvent-treated cells. The final concentration of DMSO did not exceed 0.5% v/v. All experiments were performed ≥5 times.
Results
Chemistry
New benzenesulphonylhydrazones 1–9 were obtained based on the condensation reaction of 4-methylbenzenesulphonohydrazide with appropriate aldehydes (Fig. 1). The synthesized compounds were stable solids and could be dissolved in DMSO at room temperature. The yields of the target products were between 31 and 55%. The results of elemental analysis (C, H and N) were within ±0.4% of the calculated values. The spectral data (IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) confirmed successful synthesis of the new benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives 1–9. In the 1H NMR spectra, characteristic singlet signals for =CH and NH groups were observed at δ 7.84–9.59 ppm and δ 10.57–11.75 ppm, respectively. Additionally, in the 13C NMR spectra, the signal of the carbon atom of the =CH group was recorded at δ ~140 ppm. The reaction leading to the synthesis of target compounds is presented in Fig. 1. All the synthesized compounds were subjected to lipophilicity analysis and cytotoxicity assays.
Lipophilicity
The highest lipophilicity value was presented by compound 4, which contained a 4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl substituent, irrespective of the organic modifier used (Table I). The introduction of other halogen atoms or the change of its position in the phenyl ring resulted in the decrease of lipophilicity values (compound 1). The replacement of the halogen atom by a methoxy group had a substantial impact on lipophilicity (compounds 2 and 5). The introduction of a hydroxy group and the position of the bromine atom in the phenyl ring had no impact on lipophilicity values (compounds 3 and 7). In the case of compounds 6 and 7, the type of halogen atom had no effect on lipophilicity. In addition, the replacement of the methoxy group by a hydroxy group visibly decreased lipophilicity (compounds 7 and 8), whereas the replacement of the bromine atom by an ethoxy group had no impact on the lipophilicity values (compounds 8 and 9) (Tables I and SIII).
Cytotoxicity
Based on our previous studies (24), the present study aimed to examine the potential of the newly synthesized benzenesulphonohydrazones 1–9 to inhibit the proliferation of selected cancer cell lines. Our previous study confirmed that the combination of a 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one scaffold with a hydrazide-hydrazone moiety exerts cytotoxic activity (24), in particular against HepG2 cells, which was also reported by He et al (37). The present study focused on the cytotoxic potential of a series of novel benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives against HepG2, 769-P and H2170 cells.
Assessment of the in vitro cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives 1–9 was performed against human renal cell adenocarcinoma (769-P), human liver cancer (HepG2) and human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (H2170) cell lines. As a normal reference cell line, Vero cells derived from the African green monkey kidney were used. Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT dye reduction assay, and the IC50 values for compounds 1–9 (Table II) were determined based on the dose-response curves. Among the novel derivatives 1–9, compound 5 was the most toxic toward 769-P cells, with an estimated IC50 of 1.94 µM (Table II). However, the proliferation of the reference cells was also affected to a great extent (IC50=108.93 µM). In the HepG2 human liver cancer cell line, the lowest IC50 value was observed for compound 4 (106.33 µM), and in human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung it was observed for compound 7 (314.55 µM) (Table II). The normal kidney cells were the most resistant to cytotoxic activity of compound 2 (IC50=1646.34 µM, Table II), which inhibited the proliferation of 769-P cells (IC50=67.56 µM); however, its effect on HepG2 and H2170 cells was weak (IC50 values of 160.46 µM and >500.00 µM, respectively, Table II). Compound 4 exhibited the most diverse antiproliferative potential in tumour cells with high selectivity (Table II). Compound 6 was the most toxic towards 769-P cells, with an estimated IC50 value of 26.38 µM, and it was characterized by high selectivity toward this cell line, with a selectivity index of 55.26 (Table II). Similarly, compound 7 was toxic mainly to 769-P cells with a selectivity index of 12.00 (Table II). As presented in Table II, the IC50 values determined for compounds 8 and 9 in 769-P-cells were satisfactory (74.54 and 54.23 µM, respectively), whereas these values in the normal cell line were only 2–3-fold higher, suggesting poor selectivity (selectivity index, 2.11 and 2.70, respectively). Among the tested tumour cell lines, 769-P cells were the most sensitive, and H2170 cells were the least susceptible to the cytotoxic activity of the new benzenesulphonohydrazones.
| Table II.Antiproliferative activity and selectivity of the newly synthesized benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives. |
Discussion
Based on the increasing incidence and mortality rates of cancer, patients with cancer still need new drugs with high efficacy and selectivity to minimize side effects. Hydrazide-hydrazones and benzenesulphonohydrazones exhibit anticancer activity (11,12,38–42). Numerous studies have confirmed that these molecules displayed significant antiproliferative activity against the following cancer cell lines: Leukaemia (HL-60, SKW-3 and BV-173), lung (A549), liver (HepG2), renal (769-P), ovarian (SK-OV-3), breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), cervical (HeLa), skin (SK-MEL-2), colon (HCT15), gastric (Bc G-823) and pancreatic (MIA-PaCa-2) cancer (37,43–47).
The present study was a pilot study focused on the synthesis, lipophilicity and screening of the antiproliferative potential of newly developed benzenesulphonohydrazones. The results of the antitumour activity analysis demonstrated that the substitution with fluorine at the ortho- position and with bromine at the para- position of the phenyl ring of compound 4 provided the most diverse and significant cytotoxicity towards tumour cells, combined with an acceptable level of safety for normal cells. In HepG2 cells, the IC50 value and selectivity index indicated that compound 4 was the most cytotoxic and selective. The IC50 value of compound 4 in HepG2 cells was ~2-fold higher compared with that estimated for known cytostatics (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) (48,49). Compound 4 also exhibited the highest lipophilicity, which suggested that high lipophilicity may be beneficial for antitumour activity.
Among the tested molecules, compound 7 was the most cytotoxic and selective in H2170 cells. However, when comparing the IC50 values estimated for the above compound with those of cisplatin, the activity of compound 7 appeared weak (50). In the present study, human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung cells was the least susceptible to the antiproliferative potential of the new benzenesulphonohydrazones.
The results of the present study demonstrated that compounds 2, 6 and 7 were cytotoxic and selective to cancer cells, in particular for renal cell adenocarcinoma. These compounds were substituted at the phenyl ring with chlorine or bromine atoms at the ortho- or meta- position, and with a methoxy group at the meta- or para- position of the phenyl ring. Considering the 769-P cell line, the 3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl scaffold was demonstrated to be crucial. However, both ortho- and meta-methoxy groups at the phenyl ring of compound 5 provided a strong cytotoxic effect, but they also exerted this effect on normal cells. Nikolova-Mladenova et al (46) have reported the significance of the methoxy substituent at the phenyl ring of hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives for its cytotoxicity. In addition, the aforementioned study and another study (24) have reported that the hydroxy groups are responsible for the increase in cytotoxic potential towards cancer cells. This effect was also observed in the present study. The introduction of a hydroxy group at the meta- or para- position of the phenyl ring in compounds 3, 8 and 9 provided satisfactory anticancer potential, but the selectivity was low. Among these compounds, compound 3 was the most selective, with the highest activity towards HepG2 and H2170 cells. Compound 3 was characterized by three substituents at the phenyl ring: 2-bromine, 3-hydroxy and 4-methoxy groups. In turn, the presence of two fluorine substituents at the ortho- and meta- position of the phenyl ring of compound 1 was demonstrated to be undesirable, since it exerted a toxic effect on normal cells, accompanied by a lack of anticancer activity. Fig. 2 demonstrates the effects of substituents of the phenyl ring on the antitumour activity of the synthesized benzenesulphonohydrazones 1–9. Substitution with fluorine (R1) and bromine (R3) atoms provided the most diverse and significant cytotoxicity to the tumour cells combined with safety for normal cells. Substitution with a bromine atom (R1), hydroxy (R2) and methoxy (R3) groups increased activity against tumour cell lines HepG2 and H2170. Substitution with OH (R2 and R3) decreased selectivity. The results obtained in the present study emphasized the importance of particular substituents in the phenyl ring. However, the cancer cell line used also matters. For example, compound 5 substituted with two methoxy groups in the phenyl ring appeared to be most active against 796-P cell line with high selectivity, whereas HepG2 and H2170 cancer cells were not sensitive to this compound. The substituents affect not only the cytotoxic potency against cancer cells, but also the selectivity of the tested molecules. Admittedly, a non-human cell line (Vero) was used as a reference control to compare human cancer cell lines, which is a limitation to the present study. However, these cells are widely used by various research groups involved in the development of new biologically active molecules as a control cell line in in vitro cancer research (34–36).
In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that the newly synthesized benzenesulphonohydrazones 1–9 exhibited antitumour potential, particularly compound 4, which was characterized by high, selective and diverse cytotoxicity to the tested cancer cell lines, whereas in the normal reference cells, its IC50 was determined to be higher. The compounds that were substituted with a halogen and methoxy group in the phenyl ring (compounds 2, 6 and 7) effectively inhibited the viability of 769-P cells and, to a lesser extent, that of HepG2 and H2170 cells, while exerting a limited effect on Vero cells. Across all compounds, the combination of fluorine and bromine substituents at the phenyl ring appeared to be the most advantageous, providing high cytotoxicity and selectivity towards tumour cells. Renal adenocarcinoma cells were the most sensitive to the antiproliferative potential of the newly developed molecules. Although this is a preliminary study, the obtained results suggested the direction of further research including the synthesis of new compounds of this chemical group. Even the preliminary results of the pilot attempt are relevant in the context of planning the synthesis of novel derivatives for pre-clinical studies. In addition, in our future work, other cancer lines will be tested as well as the mechanisms of cytotoxic activity of the most promising newly synthesized derivatives in order to examine and explain its antiproliferative potential. Our future studies will include the evaluation of apoptosis through various techniques such as the Annexin V, western blot or Caspase Glo assays. Additionally, antiproliferative mechanism-focused experiments will also comprise the assessment of the effects of the new compounds on the cell cycle. Revealing the mechanisms responsible for the cytotoxic effect of the newly synthesized molecules may facilitate the development of new effective anticancer therapies.
Supplementary Material
Supporting Data
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
All the data generated and/or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
ŁP designed the study, performed the synthesis of the benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives, analysed the spectral data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript, with the exception of the lipophilicity and cytotoxicity sections. MGG, IPC, DNC and MH performed the cytotoxicity assays and wrote the cytotoxicity section of the manuscript. ABR performed the lipophilicity analysis of the obtained compounds and wrote the associated section of the manuscript. KP assisted with the synthesis of the benzenesulphonohydrazide derivatives. AG supervised and was involved in the conception of the lipophilicity analyses, helped with interpretation of lipophilicity data of synthesized compounds and revised critically section devoted to lipophilicity study in the final version of manuscript. JD supervised and was involved in the conception of the cytotoxicity analyses, helped with interpretation of cytotoxicity data of obtained derivatives and revised critically section devoted to cytotoxicity study in the final version of manuscript. MW supervised the synthesis and helped with the interpretation of the spectral data of the synthesized compounds. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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