Fig. 1Flow diagram of study sample.
Fig. 2Comparison between the complete case and imputed analyses results. BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; DM, diabetes mellitus; OHA, oral hyperglycemic agent; OR, odds ratio.
Table 1Sample characteristics for available casesa
Characteristic |
Number missing |
Available cases |
Hypertension (-) |
Hypertension (+) |
Microvascular complication, yes |
0 |
1,687 (9.80) |
4,677 (12.12) |
Continuous covariates |
|
|
|
Age, yr |
9 |
17,218 (56.1±10.8) |
38,570 (61.6±10.2) |
Diabetes duration, yr |
2,674 |
16,502 (6.05±4.35) |
33,676 (6.95±4.75) |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L |
8,571 |
14,148 (8.7±3.32) |
32,898 (8.23±3.02) |
Serum creatinine, µmol/L |
6,433 |
14,963 (83.07±87.13) |
34,401 (93.78±88.58) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
10,934 |
13,758 (4.87±1.16) |
31,105 (4.86±1.19) |
Triglyceride, mmol/L |
9,112 |
14,280 (1.98±1.17) |
32,405 (1.97±1.1) |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
13,587 |
12,805 (1.17±0.33) |
29,405 (1.18±0.33) |
Categorical covariates |
|
|
|
Female sex |
0 |
12,256 (71.16) |
26,747 (69.34) |
Body mass index |
4,029 |
|
|
Underweight |
|
752 (4.60) |
1,066 (3.01) |
Normal weight |
|
4,881 (29.89) |
8,313 (23.46) |
Overweight |
|
7,056 (43.20) |
14,976 (42.26) |
Obese I |
|
2,988 (18.30) |
8,471 (23.91) |
Obese II |
|
547 (3.35) |
2,024 (5.71) |
Obese III |
|
108 (0.66) |
586 (1.65) |
Smoking |
1,085 |
|
|
None |
15,215 (89.84) |
34,499 (91.33) |
Used to smoke |
887 (5.24) |
2,009 (5.32) |
Ongoing smoking |
834 (4.92) |
1,268 (3.36) |
Health care coverage |
64 |
|
|
Universal coverage |
12,353 (71.78) |
25,253 (65.55) |
Government officer |
2,273 (13.21) |
7,159 (18.58) |
Social security scheme |
716 (4.16) |
1,316 (3.42) |
Other |
1,868 (10.85) |
4,795 (12.45) |
Hospital type |
3,287 |
|
|
Regional |
1,579 (9.57) |
5,918 (16.43) |
General |
3,154 (19.12) |
8,364 (23.22) |
Community |
11,760 (71.30) |
21,735 (60.35) |
Diabetes medication |
923 |
|
|
No medication |
342 (2.01) |
1,244 (3.28) |
OHA |
13,123 (77.27) |
28,443 (75.07) |
Insulin sensitizer |
1,468 (8.64) |
3,494 (9.22) |
Both OHA and insulin |
2,050 (12.07) |
4,710 (12.43) |
HbA1c treatment target, yes |
14,089 |
3,624 (28.36) |
10,505 (36.31) |
Blood pressure treatment target, yes |
667 |
8,870 (52.44) |
12,519 (32.76) |
LDL-C treatment target, yes |
9,846 |
5,764 (40.94) |
14,066 (44.13) |
Previous macrovascular complication, yes |
0 |
486 (2.82) |
2,840 (7.36) |
Previous microvascular complication, yes |
0 |
1,672 (9.71) |
5,992 (15.53) |
Table 2Number and percentage of patients in different blood pressure classes and the prevalence of microvascular complications in each group
Blood pressure classification |
SBP, mm Hg |
DBP, mm Hg |
No. (%) |
Prevalence of microvascular complications (95% CI)a
|
Normal |
<120 |
and <80 |
18,445 (42.44) |
12.58 (12.08-13.04) |
Prehypertension |
120-139 |
or 80-89 |
10,600 (24.39) |
12.93 (12.30-13.59) |
Stage 1 hypertension |
140-159 |
or 90-99 |
14,094 (32.43) |
14.57 (14.0-15.17) |
Stage 2 hypertension |
≥160 |
or ≥100 |
321 (0.74) |
16.51 (12.71-21.13) |
Table 3Crude and adjusted odds ratios of factors associated with microvascular complication in complete case analysis
Effects |
ORa
|
ORb
|
95% CI |
Hypertension, yes |
1.33c
|
1.32c
|
1.20-1.46 |
Age (in 10 years) |
1.43c
|
1.07d
|
1.03-1.12 |
Body mass index |
|
χ2 =896.54c, df=5 |
|
Under weight |
1.09 |
1.26e
|
1.01-1.56 |
Over weight |
0.93 |
1.01 |
0.91-1.11 |
Obese I |
0.95 |
1.02 |
0.91-1.15 |
Obese II |
0.90 |
0.92 |
0.76-1.12 |
Obese III |
0.82 |
0.91 |
0.63-1.32 |
Hospital type |
|
χ2 =769.19c, df=2 |
|
General |
0.88 |
0.95 |
0.64-1.39 |
Community |
0.65d
|
0.62d
|
0.44-0.87 |
Health care coverage |
|
χ2 =18.584c, df=3 |
|
Government officer |
0.94 |
0.96 |
0.86-1.07 |
Social security scheme |
0.93 |
1.00 |
0.80-1.25 |
Other |
1.16d
|
1.02 |
0.88-1.18 |
Smoking |
|
χ2 =62.888c, df=2 |
|
Used to smoke |
1.09 |
0.99 |
0.84-1.18 |
Ongoing smoking |
1.14 |
1.21e
|
1.01-1.46 |
Diabetes duration (in 5 years) |
1.23c |
1.12c
|
1.07-1.16 |
HbA1c treatment target, yes |
0.75c |
0.86d
|
0.78-0.94 |
Blood pressure treatment target, yes |
0.89c |
0.91e
|
0.84-0.99 |
FPG, mmol/L |
1.04c |
1.02d
|
1.01-1.03 |
Creatinine, µmol/Lf
|
1.002c |
1.003c
|
1.002-1.003 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L |
1.10c |
1.09c
|
1.05-1.12 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
0.72c |
0.82d
|
0.72-0.94 |
Diabetes medication |
|
χ2 =286.4c, df=3 |
|
OHA |
0.03 |
0.97 |
0.74-1.26 |
Insulin sensitizer |
2.92c
|
2.71c
|
2.02-3.64 |
Both OHA and insulin |
2.05c
|
1.83c
|
1.37-2.44 |
Previous microvascular complication, yes |
0.77c
|
0.42c
|
0.37-0.48 |
Female sex |
0.92d
|
|
|
LDL-C treatment target, yes |
0.96 |
|
|
Total cholesterol |
1.07c
|
|
|
Previous macrovascular complication, yes |
1.07 |
|
|