N. A. Mostafa, Ashraf Maher, Wael Abdelmoez
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, KSA.
DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.49118   PDF    HTML     9,770 Downloads   16,692 Views   Citations

Abstract

Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these economically value added compounds by estrifying the fatty acids with the glycerol is presented. Effects of various reaction parameters were optimized to obtain high yield of mono, di- and triglycerids. The effects of temperature (180℃ to 260℃), ZnCl₂ catalyst concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acids molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), agitation speeds (200, 500, 1000 rpm), type of reaction system (opened and closed) and type of fatty acids including oleic and palmatic acids on esterification efficiency of fatty acids were investigated. The optimum conditions of esterification reaction were at temperature 195℃, molar ratio 1:1, amount of catalyst 0.3% Zncl₂, and agitation 500 rpm. Analysis of yield showed that at the optimum conditions mondi and triglycerids were produced in high purity, up to 99%. Infrared spectroscopy IR and thin layer chromatograph TLC proved that the final product contains mono, di- and triglycerides.

Keywords

Esterification; Fatty Acids; Glycerol; Monoglycerides; Diglycerides; Zinc chloride; Triglycerides

Share and Cite:

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Isabel, D., Federico, M., Joaquin, P. and Enrique, S. (2003) Synthesis of MCM-41 materials dialkyl silane groups and their catalytic activity in functionalised with the esterification of glycerol with fatty acids. Applied Catalysis A: General, 242, 161-169. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(02)00501-X
[2]	Anonymous (2006) Lubricant compositions. Research Disclosure, 690.
[3]	Fernandez, A.M., Held, U., Willing, A. and Breuer, W.H. (2005) New green surfactants for emulsion polymerization. Progress in Organic Coatings, 53, 246-255. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.12.011
[4]	Eccleston, G.M. (1997) Functions of mixed emulsifiers and emulsifying waxes in dermatological lotions and creams. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 123-124, 169-182. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757(96)03846-0
[5]	Garti, N. (1999) What can nature offer from an emulsifier point of view: Trends and progress? Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 152, 125-146. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00621-9
[6]	Guner, F.S., Sirkecioglu, A., Yilmaz, S., Erciyes, A.T. and Erdem-Senatalar, A. (1996) Esterification of oleic acid with glycerol in the presence of sulfated iron oxide catalyst. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 73, 347-351. doi:10.1007/BF02523429
[7]	Moquinp (2008) Hydrolysis, esterification and glycerolysis of lipids in supercritical carbon dioxide media. Proquest Dissertations and Theses, University of Alberta.
[8]	Farag, H., Azza, M. and Taha, N.A. (2011) Optimization of factors affecting esterification of mixed oil with high percentage of free fatty acid. Fuel Processing Technology, 92, 507-510. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.11.004
[9]	Chetpattananondh, P., Rukprasoot, J., Bunyakan, C. and Tongurai, C. (2005) Glycerolysis of crude glycerol derived from biodiesel process. PSU-UNS International Conference on Engineering and Environment, Novi Sad, 19-21 May 2005.
[10]	Zbay, N.O., Oktar, N. and Alper Tapan, N. (2008) Esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oils (WCO): Role of ion-exchange resins. Fuel, 87, 1789-1798. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2007.12.010
[11]	Hyun, J., Soo Hyun, K., Seok, W. and Yeong-Koo, Y. (2012) A single step non-catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) for biodiesel production. Fuel, 93, 373-380. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.063
[12]	Sakthivel, A., Nakamura, R., Komura, K. and Komura, Y. (2007) Esterification of glycerol by lauric acid over aluminium and zirconium containing mesoporous molecular sieves in supercritical carbon dioxide medium. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 42, 219-225. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2007.03.012
[13]	Cramer, J., Dueholm, M., Nielsen, S., Pedersen, D. and Cramer, J.F. (2007) Controlling the degree of esterification in lipase catalysed synthesis of xylitol fatty acid esters. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 41, 346-352. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.03.001
[14]	Egyptian Standard Specifications Codex 210/1999 m. k. m 49-6/2005.
[15]	Vlachos, N., Skopelitis, Y., Psaroudaki, M., Konstantinidou, V., Chatzilazarou, A. and Tegou, E. (2006) Applications of fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy to edible oils. Analytica Chimica Acta, 573-574, 459-465. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.034
[16]	Hermida, L., Abdullah, A.Z. and Mohamed, A.R. (2011) Synthesis of monoglyceride through glycerol esterification with lauric acid over propyl sulfonic acid post-synthesis functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 174, 668-676.